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Everything YOU need to know about the 2023 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans - Ask your questions here!

2023.05.30 15:04 Floodman11 Everything YOU need to know about the 2023 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans - Ask your questions here!

With only days separating us from the Centenary Edition of the 24 Heures du Mans, it's time again for the Le Mans Primer thread! This is the place if you’ve got any questions about the 2023 Le Mans event, no matter how small! There are no dumb questions about Le Mans!

CONTENTS

The Race

It all comes back to Le Mans. A century ago, people asked ‘Could a car continue to drive for 24 hours straight?’, an event was made to test that theory, and a legacy in racing, motorsport, and motoring was born. The 24 Heures du Mans is the holy grail of endurance motor racing, and brings up its Centenary edition this year. In its 100 year history, the 24 Hours of Le Mans is recognised as the most prestigious and gruelling test for innovations and improvements in motorsport technology. Technologies such as disk and air brakes, streamlined bodywork, fuel, oil, and lubricant improvements, improvements to engine efficiency and longevity, even things as simple as LED lighting and windscreen wiper blades have been trialled and tested at Le Mans. The normally hot conditions in the middle of June stretch the limits of reliability, with all the teams knowing that in order to beat their competitors, they must first beat the event. A variety of different engine configurations, displacements, positions, fuels, and hybrids have won over the history of the event. So far, petrol-fuelled traditional piston engines have been the most successful. Mazda managed to win using a Wankel Rotary engine in 1991 with the Mazda 787b (oh god listen to that sound!), while Audi was the first to win with an alternate fuel, taking victory in the diesel-powered R10 TDI in 2006. 2012 ushered in the era of the Hybrid, with Audi taking victory in the R18 e-tron Quattro, featuring a flywheel hybrid engine.

Qualifying

The Qualifying format for Le Mans is unique to the event, and called Hyperpole. In this format, all classes are permitted to use the track in the 1 hour qualifying session on Wednesday evening. The top 6 cars from each of the 4 classes then progress to the Hyperpole session on Thursday night, which sets the top of the grid for each class. This means that each class will be segregated on the final grid.

Session Times

  • Ligier European Series Practice 1 – Sunday June 4th, 08:00 Local, 06:00 UTC, 02:00 ET, 16:00 AEST – 45 Minutes
  • Ligier European Series Qualifying 1 – Sunday June 4th, 09:15 Local, 07:15 UTC, 03:15 ET, 17:15 AEST – 20 Minutes
  • Test Day Session 1 - Sunday June 4th, 10:00 Local, 08:00 UTC, 04:00 ET, 18:00 AEST – 3 Hours
  • Ligier European Series Race - Sunday June 4th, 14:00 Local, 12:00 UTC, 08:00 ET, 22:00 AEST – 60 Minutes
  • Test Day Session 2 - Sunday June 4th, 15:30 Local, 13:30 UTC, 09:30 ET, 23:30 AEST – 3 Hours
  • Porsche Carrera Cup Practice 1 – Wednesday June 7th, 09:00 Local, 07:00 UTC, 03:00 ET, 17:00 AEST – 45 Minutes
  • Ferrari Challenge Practice 1 – Wednesday June 7th, 10:15 Local, 08:15 UTC, 04:15 ET, 18:15 AEST - 45 Minutes
  • Road To Le Mans Practice 1 – Wednesday June 7th, 11:30 Local, 09:30 UTC, 05:30 ET, 19:30 AEST – 1 Hour
  • Free Practice 1 - Wednesday June 7th, 14:00 Local, 12:00 UTC, 08:00 ET, 22:00 AEST - 3 Hours
  • Qualifying Practice - Wednesday June 7th. 19:00 Local, 17:00 UTC, 13:00 ET, Thursday 03:00 AEST - 1 Hour
  • Road To Le Mans Practice 2 – Wednesday June 7th, 20:30 Local, 18:30 UTC, 14:30 ET, Thursday 04:30 AEST - 1 Hour
  • Free Practice 2 - Wednesday June 7th, 22:00 Local, 20:00 UTC, 16:00 ET, Thursday 06:00 AEST - 2 Hours
  • Ferrari Challenge Practice 2 – Thursday June 8th, 09:00 Local, 07:00 UTC, 03:00 ET, 17:00 AEST – 45 Minutes
  • Porsche Carrera Cup Practice 2 – Thursday June 8th, 10:55 Local, 08:55 UTC, 04:55 ET, 18:55 AEST – 45 Minutes
  • Road To Le Mans Qualifying Practice – Thursday June 8th, 12:55 Local, 10:55 UTC, 06:55 UTC, 20:55 AEST – 20 Minutes x 2 Classes
  • Free Practice 3 - Thursday June 8th, 15:00 Local, 13:00 UTC, 09:00 ET, 23:00 AEST - 3 Hours
  • Road To Le Mans Race 1 - Thursday June 8th, 18:30 Local, 16:30 UTC, 12:30 ET, Friday 02:30 AEST - 55 Minutes
  • HYPERPOLE - Thursday June 8th, 20:00 Local, 18:00 UTC, 14:00 ET, Friday 04:00 AEST - 30 Minutes
  • Free Practice 4 - Thursday June 8th, 22:00 Local, 20:00 UTC, 16:00 ET, Friday 06:00 AEST - 2 Hours
  • Porsche Carrera Cup Qualifying – Friday June 9th, 09:00 Local, 07:00 UTC, 03:00 ET, 17:00 AEST – 45 Minutes
  • Ferrari Challenge Qualifying – Friday June 9th, 10:15 Local, 08:15 UTC, 04:15 ET, 18:15 AEST – 45 Minutes
  • Road To Le Mans Race 2 - Friday June 9th, 11:30 Local, 09:30 UTC, 05:30 ET, 19:30 AEST – 55 Minutes
  • Ferrari Challenge Race 1 - Saturday June 10th, 09:30 Local, 07:30 UTC, 03:30 ET, 17:30 AEST - 45 Minutes
  • Porsche Carrera Cup Race 1 - Saturday June 10th, 10:45 Local, 08:45 UTC, 04:45 ET, 18:45 AEST - 45 Minutes
  • Warm Up - Saturday June 10th, 12:00 Local, 10:00 UTC, 06:00 ET, 20:00 AEST – 15 Minutes
  • RACE START - **Saturday June 11th, 16:00 Local, 14:00 UTC, 10:00 ET, Sunday 00:00 AEST

The Track

The Circuit de la Sarthe covers 13.6 kilometres of the French country side. It combines the permanent race components of the Ford Chicanes, the pit straight, under the Dunlop Bridge and through to Tertre Rouge as well as the normal everyday roads of the Mulsanne straight through to Indianapolis and Arnage. The track has gone through many iterations over the years; originally, the cars raced into the heart of the city, turning just before the river Sarthe, before hurtling down the 8.6 kilometre straight. In 1932, the circuit removed the journey into the city, and more closely resembled the track we see today. Here’s a video of Mike Hawthorn touring the circuit with a camera and microphone attached in 1956, one year after his involvement in the Le Mans disaster. The addition of the Porsche Curves and the Ford Chicanes in 1972 added an extra dimension to the high speed, fast flowing track. In the late 80’s, the Group C prototype cars would reach over 400km/h, achieving average speeds of almost 250km/h in qualifying for the entire lap. This is an onboard of Derek Bell’s Porsche 956 in 1983, showing the ridiculous speeds on this configuration of the circuit. This configuration remained relatively unchanged right up to 1990, until FIA mandations required that for the circuit to be sanctioned, it must not have a straight longer than 2km. The 6km Mulsanne straight was cut down into three relatively equal length portions by two chicanes, giving the iteration of the circuit used today. Allan McNish takes you on an onboard lap of the 2008 circuit in this video. McNish is one of the gods of the modern prototype era, winning Le Mans 3 times; once with Porsche and twice with Audi. For a more comprehensive focus on the track, John Hindhaugh’s track walk takes you on a 30 minute exploration of the track, with in depth focus on corners like the Dunlop Esses, Tertre Rouge, Mulsanne Corner, and the Ford Chicanes.
For some modern on boards, check out the fastest ever lap in the Circuit de la Sarthe: Kamui Kobayashi's 3:14.791 in 2017 Q2, and last year’s Hyperpole lap, by Brendon Hartley, setting a 3:24.408
The Dunlop Bridge
The iconic Dunlop Bridge has been a part of the Le Mans track since 1932, making it the oldest Dunlop Bridge at any track. This part of the track requires a good launch out of the first chicane before cresting the brow of the hill, and plunging through the esses out onto the Mulsanne straight. As the LMP cars are much more maneuverable, caution must be taken passing the slower GT traffic, as Allan McNish discovered in 2011.
Tertre Rouge
Tertre Rouge is the corner that launches the cars onto the long Mulsanne straight. Maintaining momentum through this corner as it opens on exit is imperative to ensure maximum straight line speed heading down the first part of the Mulsanne. The undulation in the road makes for fantastic viewing at night, with some magic images of the Porsches throwing up sparks on the exit in 2014. Finally, this was the location of Allan Simonsen’s fatal crash in mixed conditions in the 2013 Le Mans. The Danish flags will fly at the corner in his memory.
Mulsanne Corner
After the incredibly long Mulsanne straight, the Mulsanne corner nowadays features a subtle right hand kink before the tight 90 degree turn. Here, the cars decelerate from 340 km/h down to below 100 km/h, resulting in a brilliant opportunity to overtake. Again, care must be taken overtaking slower traffic; unaware drivers have caught out faster cars attempting to pass through the kink, such as Anthony Davidson’s spectacular crash in 2012 resulting in a broken vertebra for Davidson.
Indianapolis and Arnage
The Indanapolis and Arnage complex is one of the most committed areas of the track. Hurtling down the hill from the Mulsanne Corner, the road suddenly bends to the right, a corner which only the bravest prototype drivers take flat out, followed by a beautifully cambered open left hander taken in third gear. A short sprint leads the cars into Arnage, the slowest point on the track. The tight right hander was the scene of heartbreak for Toyota in 2014 when the leading #7 broke down and had to be retired after an FIA sensor melted and shut off the electronics. Kazuki Nakajiima was unable to make it to the pits, leaving him stranded on the circuit.
The Porsche Curves
At a terrifyingly high speed, the Porsche Curves is the most committed part of the lap. Getting caught behind GT traffic in this section can mean losing phenomenal amounts of time. This was the site of Loic Duval’s horrific crash in practice for the 2014 event. Keeping momentum through the flowing right-left-right handers that lead into Maison Blanche requires 100% commitment and ultimate precision, with severe punishment for getting it wrong. The exit of the Porsche Curves underwent significant change in 2020, with additional run-off added in the middle part of the section. This has turned the treacherous and claustrophobic sweeping left-hander into an open and sweeping corner, encouraging every little bit of road to be used on the exit. What it hasn’t changed is the terrific consequences for making a mistake
The Ford Chicanes
The final chapter in the 13.6km rollercoaster that is Le Mans is the Ford Chicanes. Two tight left-right handers with massive kerbs are all that separates the driver from the finish line. Watching the cars bounce over the kerbs in beautiful slow motion is certainly something to behold, but 24 hours of mistreatment can lead to suspension and steering issues. The drivers have to be attentive until the very end, lest they throw it all away in the last minutes of the race.
The Circuit de la Sarthe requires over 85% of the lap on full throttle, with the cars accelerating from less than 100km/h to over 300km/h five times each lap. The challenge of having a car finish Le Mans is in itself, an achievement.

The Classes

The WEC consists of three classes on track at once, resulting in three separate races on track each in their own battle for 24 Hours. The classes are split based on their car type, with LMH and LMDh machinery facing off in the Hypercar class, purpose built prototypes with a spec engine and gearbox battling in LMP2, and GT machinery racing in GTE. Each class has its own set of regulations, driver requirements, and relevance for the Le Mans event.

Hypercar

The current top class of endurance sportscars is Hypercar, combining cars built to Le Mans Hypercar (LMH) and Le Mans Daytona (LMDh) specifications. Fighting it out will be LMH machinery from Toyota, Ferrari, Peugeot, Glickenhaus and Peugeot, while Porsche and Cadillac will be racing in LMDh cars. The LMH cars are bespoke sportscars, designed to a strict set of requirements dictating maximum power, drag coefficient, and weight, amongst other parameters, intended to limit the cost of the category. LMDh machines on the other hand are based on the future LMP2 chassis offerings, with manufacturers able to develop their own engines and bodywork, aligning with the power and drag coefficients of LMH. As part of cost-cutting, the Hypercar class is also subject to a Balance of Performance (BoP) formula, to level the playing field and ensure good racing! Hypercars are a little slower than their LMP1 predecessors, with lap times around the 3:24 mark for the Circuit de la Sarthe, which is on par with the 2014 LMP1 cars.

LMP2

The second prototype class is LMP2, and provides an excellent platform for endurance racing on a budget. The LMP2 class features a spec drivetrain and gearbox, using a Gibson V8 producing 400kW, and a selection of three chassis to choose from, of which the Oreca 07 has been the chassis of choice. This ensures that the competition in the class is very tight, and often comes down to the drivers and the team’s performance instead of just having the best car. While LMP2 was capable of 3:25 lap times in years previous, part of the ‘stratification’ of classes with Hypercar’s inclusion, the LMP2 class has lost some power and had some weight added. This should put LMP2 at the heels of the LMH pace, but with laptimes outside the 3:28 mark.
LMP2 is the first class that must feature amateur rated drivers. The Amateurs must drive for a minimum of 6 hours in the car over the course of the race. This means that there's an element of strategy of when to use your amateur driver throughout the race, as the amateur driver is generally slower than the Pros. The pro drivers in this class range from up and coming talent, former F1 drivers, and some of the best sportscar pilots in the world, and with 244 cars in this class, LMP2 is sure to be a hotbed of action over the 24 hours.

LMGTE-Am

GT class cars are cars that are derived from production models, and feature some of the most iconic cars and brands battling it out at the top of the field. The GTE cars are on the border of aero dependency, and can lap Le Mans in around 3:45 in a professional driver’s hands.
This year is the last year of the GTE class, and features 21 cars in a Pro-Am category, with cars from Ferrari, Porsche, Aston Martin, and Chevrolet on the grid. Despite the lack of a Pro category, the driver quality in GTE-Am is still incredibly high, with factory drivers, young stars, experienced champions and every level of experience in between on the grid, with each car featuring two Bronze or Silver rated drivers. With two amateur drivers, the strategy considerations multiply. While GTE-Am might be the class focussed on the least over the course of the race, the stories that come from this class are phenomenal, and it's well worth following.
The GT classes feature a range of different cars and configurations, and to equalise each of these against each other, the class goes through a process called 'Balance of Performance' or BoP. The organisers can adjust each individual car's weight, fuel tank, air restrictor, turbo boost pressures, and aero performance to alter performance levels to enable the different cars to race competitively. This can sometimes be contentious as every team will feel hard done by, but it is a necessary evil to having the variety of cars on the grid.

Innovative Car

Each year, there is the option for an Innovative Car, with untested or innovative technology, allowed to enter in it’s own category. In years past, this has allowed for entries from the Deltawing, or a modified LMP2 to allow amputees to race.
This year, the Innovative Car entry is a modified Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 Next-Gen NASCAR, run by Hendrick Motorsports. The Next-Gen NASCAR features modifications to allow it to run safely on the Circuit de la Sarthe, and will be driven by multiple NASCAR Cup champion Jimmie Johnson, Formula 1 World Champion Jenson Button, and Le Mans Overall Winner Mike Rockenfeller.

The Legends

Part of the allure of the Le Mans 24 Hours is the history, and the legends steeped in history over the course of its 88 previous editions. The race has had many headline battles in its history - periods of time where two or three teams went toe to toe for years, with the drivers, cars, and brands embroiled in these battles given the chance to elevate themselves above the rest, and show their prowess.
In 2019, we at /WEC, took our normal Le Mans Legends celebrations to a new level; each week, members of the community have been writing reviews on some of the closest, most fascinating finishes in Le Mans history! You can check out these reports below!
Bonus CookieMonsterFL Write-Ups
For a bite-sized history lesson on every Le Mans event, check out this post by u/JohannesMeanAd2, describing every Le Mans in a single sentence!
The early races were dominated by the Bentley company in their Speed 6, who won 5 of the first 7 races. Cars were separated into classes by their engine displacement, and the overall winner was based on distance covered. If two cars had finished with the same number of laps, the car with the smaller displacement was declared the winner. The race wasn't run during the second world war, and comparatively very little information is available on the stories of the early days of Le Mans.
After the second world war, teams such as Jaguar, Ferrari, Mercedes, and Aston Martin became the dominant teams. This era featured the legendary Jaguar D type, the Mercedes Benz 300 SLR, the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa, and the Aston Martin DBR1. Jaguar won 5 times between 1951 and 1957, followed by an era of Ferrari dominance. Drivers such as Mike Hawthorn, Stirling Moss, Juan Manuel Fangio, and John Fitch became household names as Le Mans became a battle between German engineering and British "garagistas".
Ferrari and Ford was the story of the 60's, with Ferrari winning 6 times straight before Ford won four in a row with the GT40 Mk II, taking their first win in 1966. The story of their rivalry is legendary in it's own right - Henry Ford had almost successfully bought out the Ferrari motor company, only to be knocked back by Enzo himself at the 11th hour. In retaliation, Ford planned to hurt Ferrari where it mattered most; on the track. The Ford GT40 was so comprehensively dominant that it won the 1966 edition 21 laps ahead of the next car back - a Porsche 906/6. None of the Ferrari 330P3's finished the race. This battle gave drivers like Bruce Mclaren, Dan Gurney, and Jacky Ickx their first Le Mans victories, and propelled them to the forefront of motorsport stardom at the height of motorsport's popularity.
The 1970's saw the dawn of Porsche, with the 917k taking the brand's first win in 1970, with the same car winning the following year in the hands of Helmut Marko (yes, that Helmut Marko). It would be 5 years before Porsche would win again, with Matra taking 3 victories in the interim, each at the hands of Henri Pescarolo. Porsche returned with the 936 and the 956/962c dominating the race for the next 20 years. In fact, from 1970, Porsche won 12 times in 18 events, including 7 in a row, and they miiight have been a bit cheeky about it. Amongst these 12 wins, there were 4 for both Jacky Ickx and Derek Bell, and two for IMSA legend Hurley Haywood, as well as the first win for the Joest team in 1984. This era coincided with the introduction, and subsequent destruction of the Group C sportscar formula, widely regarded as the best Sportscar championship regulations of all time. Porsche’s dominance was eventually ended by Jaguar in the XJR-9LM, at the height of Group C’s magic. Ickx's 6 wins at this stage had earned him the nickname 'Mr Le Mans', a fitting title for one of the best drivers in the world at the time.
GT cars became a force to be reckoned with at the end of the Group C era, with classes being split into LMGTP and LMP. McLaren and Porsche had wins in GTP cars, in the F1 GTR and the 911 GT1 respectively, while Porsche, BMW and Peugeot scored LMP wins. 1997 saw the first win for Tom Kristensen, while the following year Allan McNish took his first victory, starting their journeys into the legend books of Le Mans.
The 2000’s ushered in the era of Audi, with all 13 of their wins coming since the turn of the century. GTP was disbanded due to safety issues, being replaced by GT1 and GT2. Audi picked up wins in the R8, the R10, the R15, and the R18, often dominating the might of the Peugeot 908. Audi's dominance elevated not only their drivers to legend status, but also their team managers, car designers, and race engineers. People like Reinhold Joest (team manager), Dr Wolfgang Ullrich (Audisport director), Ulrich Baretzky (engine designer), Leena Gade, Howden Haynes (race engineers) behind the wall and Allan McNish, Tom Kristensen, Rinaldo Capello, Marcel Fassler, Andre Lotterer and Benoit Treluyer have become household names in the sport not only for their wins, but their longevity and domination. Audi's dominance was only broken by a win for Bentley in 2003, running basically an Audi under a British racing green skin, and Peugeot in 2009, before being ended for good by Porsche in 2015. After both Porsche and Audi left the top class, Toyota rose to dominance, taking the last 3 Le Mans events in a row!
Between 2015 and 2017, Porsche added to their victories, now holding a record 19 overall victories at the Circuit de la Sarthe. Audi trail with 13, with Ferrari, Jaguar and Bentley holding the next three positions. Toyota finally took their first overall victory in 2018, and have won every year since. Tom Kristensen is has the most victories at Le Mans, with 9 overall victories over his career with Porsche, Audi and Bentley, inheriting the title of Mr Le Mans.

Videos and Documentaries

Entry List

Spotters Guide to be added when released!

Once again, /WEC will have a community spotters guide thanks to the efforts of Ziombel_444! The planned release date is the 6th of June, so keep your eyes peeled for that!

Check out Ziombel_444's other work at Spotters.Guide, and support this great effort!

Endurance Chat

/WEC's podcast, Endurance Chat, will have four episodes in the lead up to Le Mans, as well as a Pre-Pre-Race show in the hours before the event. Watch this space for updates!
  • Endurance Chat S8E11 – The Centenary 24 Hours of Le Mans Preview - History, context, and insight into this year’s edition of the Le Mans 24 Hours
  • Endurance Chat S8E12 - The 2023 Le Mans 24 Hour Hypercar Class Guide – COMING SOON
  • Endurance Chat S8E13 - The 2023 Le Mans 24 Hour LMP2 Class Guide – COMING SOON
  • Endurance Chat S8E14 – The 2023 Le Mans 24 Hour LMGTE-Am Class Guide – COMING SOON
In addition, Endurance Chat made a series of features detailing the history of sportscars in the late 60’s and early 70’s, at the transition point of GT and Prototype machinery. The series details some of the machinery, events, and drivers in one of the fastest and most dangerous periods in racing history. You can find a playlist to these features here!

Streaming and Television

In the past, the FIAWEC Broadcast has started from Qualifying Practice. We are awaiting confirmation if that is the case this year – Streams for non-FIAWEC sessions after that point will be subject to the organisers of those series broadcasting those sessions.

  • Official stream OUTSIDE US ONLY - The Le Mans package gives you access to all WEC sessions (Qualifying, Warm Up and the Race) with a choice of on boards, cross platform compatibility, and up to 5 devices connected at once. Additionally, replays of the event are free after the event. Official comms headed by Martin Haven, Anthony Davidson, and Graham Goodwin, who in my personal opinion properly nail the tone of the event. Has been known to get overloaded and crash however
  • Eurosport will likely be broadcasting the event in a variety of locales throughout Europe. This will be updated when confirmed
  • Radio Le Mans will be streaming live radio for every session
For American audiences, unfortunately the Official stream is geoblocked for your area. Information on how to watch will be updated when confirmed
  • [Official TV Broadcast distribution](COMING SOON) Find out how to watch in your region!
Any further updates on TV or Streaming distribution will be added as they are released!

Social Media

If you're looking for more interaction, you can find most of the teams, drivers and commentators on Twitter, giving you instant interaction with those in the midst of the event.

If someone wants to make a twitter list for the teams/driveetc for this year, that would be greatly appreciated!

Live timing

Be sure to join the discord for alternate timing solutions!

Get Involved!

By far the most fun you can have watching an endurance race is watching it with the official /WEC Discord! It's a lot of fun and a really great atmosphere to watch the race in!
If you want to have a go at picking who you think will be winning in each class, jump into mwclarkson's Fantasy Endurance Contest! It's free to enter, and if you win, you'll get the satisfaction and achievement of being right!
If there's anything you'd like us to add, or need clarification on, please comment below and we'll add it in!`
submitted by Floodman11 to wec [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 15:01 pcdandy Hangul for English: The Real Deal (HETRD, 한글 ᅗᅥᆯ 잉글맀: ᅂᆞ 릐ᇐ 듸ᇐ)

Hangul for English: The Real Deal (HETRD, 한글 ᅗᅥᆯ 잉글맀: ᅂᆞ 릐ᇐ 듸ᇐ)
Original blog post
Hangul is a truly unique writing system in that it was created by humans almost from a blank slate, instead of evolving from an older pre-existing script. The script was created by King Sejong and his ministers of the Joseon dynasty of Korea in 1446 to improve literacy, being designed to represent the Korean language in a far more intuitive way than the pre-existing hanja (Chinese characters)-based system ever could. Letters for related sounds are derived from base letterforms in a highly systematic manner, making Hangul well-known for being incredibly easy to learn. In theory, this would also make the script capable of representing every possible sound in every human language, including English.
But what would it take to write English with Hangul in the most concise way possible?
To find out, I had a look at the archaic Hangul letters (yethangul, 옛한글), which have a much wider selection of letters and letter combinations for representing Korean and Chinese as spoken in the 1400s. These include consonant clusters such as ᄹ /st/ and letters for some fricatives like ᅗ (/ɸ/) and ᄫ (/β/), which will come in handy for writing English sounds that do not exist in Korean. Unicode offers full support for these archaic letters via the 'Hangul Jamo', 'Hangul Jamo Extended-A' and 'Hangul Jamo Extended-B' character blocks. The only catch? Korean language input methods generally do not support these characters, but we'll get to that in a moment.
Also, this isn't the only time that someone's tried writing English with Hangul - plenty of other individuals have had a go at adapting Hangul for English, but this adaptation is the only one out there which is based on how Hangul is actually used in the real world and not as a substitution cipher for the alphabet or something else entirely, which is why I'll refer to my adaptation as 'Hangul for English: The Real Deal', or HETRD for short!
Note: This article contains archaic Hangul letters which will not display properly without fonts that support it well, such as Noto Sans CJK KR or Noto Serif CJK KR.

Adaptation process

Adapting Hangul for English was a notable challenge, since it was originally not designed to write languages with lots of fricatives in them, such as English. However, with a bit of work, it's more than capable of representing English in a phonetically consistent manner.
A Hangul syllable is written in a single square block in a similar manner to Chinese characters, which can be divided into 3 parts: the initial consonants (I) on the top left side, medial vowels (M) on either the right or centre, and the final consonants (F) at the bottom. Here's a picture depicting the ways in which letters can be arranged:
​
Hangul syllable structure
In Korean Hangul orthography, there are 19 initial consonants, 21 medial vowels and 28 final consonants. That seems like a lot of consonants to play around with, until one realises that:
  • Korean Hangul does not have letters for the following sounds: /f/ (as in 'fun'), /v/ (as in 'van'), /θ/ (as in 'thing'), /ð/ (as in 'the'), /z/ (as in 'zoo'), /ʃ/ (as in 'share') and /ʒ/ (as in 'vision').
  • Korean orthography does not distinguish between the /ɹ/ and /l/ sounds: ㄹ is pronounced with an /l/ sound only at the end of a syllable, and /ɹ/ elsewhere.
  • Some of the consonants cannot be final consonants.

Consonants

As usual, the majority of Korean Hangul consonants can be assigned rather easily to their English counterparts: ᄏ /k/, ᄃ /d/, ᄉ /s/, ᄀ /g/, ᄒ /h/ and so on. Likewise, if there's no initial consonant, the ieung null consonant letter is used as a filler: ᄋ = /∅/. Hence, the syllable /a/ on its own is 아, which is the vowel for /a/ ᅡ with the ieung ᄋ before it.
For both bilabial fricatives /f/ and /v/, let's co-opt the archaic letters for /ɸ/ ᅗ and /β/ ᄫ respectively, since these sounds are incredibly similar to each other, almost indistinguishable to an untrained ear. They also pair nicely with the corresponding stop sounds /p/ ᄑ and /b/ ᄇ, being basically these letters plus the bottom circle of the /h/ letter ᄒ.
The letters for /θ/ and /ð/ shall be the letters for /t/ and /d/ with the null consonant ieung ᄋ to the left: /θ/ = ᅊ and /ð/ = ᅂ. Both of these letters are used in some Korean-English dictionaries to mark their respective sounds.
/z/ can be represented with the archaic letter ᅀ, which was etymologically derived from ᄉ by adding an additional horizontal stroke at the bottom.
As for /ʃ/, I'll re-purpose the doubled consonant ᄊ from modern Korean since it can be placed as an initial and final consonant. /ʒ/ will just be ᅈ, or /d͡ʒ/ ᄌ with the ieung ᄋ to the left in the same vein as ᅊ and ᅂ.
The letter ᄅ on its own shall now solely represent the 'r' sound /ɹ/ (as in 'run'). To write the 'l' sound, I'll adapt the traditional Korean way of doing so by doubling the ᄅ letter. In Korean orthography, this can only be done between vowels: /ɔli/ = 얼리. But what if we want to write /l/ before or after a vowel on its own? No problem, there's a doubled version ᄙ which can be both an initial and final consonant: /la/ = ᄙᅡ and /ɔl/ = 어ᇐ.
  • /f/ = ᅗ (as in 'fun')
  • /v/ = ᄫ (as in 'vine')
  • /θ/ = ᅊ (as in 'think')
  • /ð/ = ᅂ (as in 'this')
  • /z/ = ᅀ (as in 'zoo')
  • /ʃ/ = ᄊ (as in 'shop')
  • /ʒ/ = ᅈ (as in 'azure')
  • /ɹ/ = ᄅ (as in 'run')
  • /l/ = ᄙ (as in 'laugh')

Consonant clusters

Unlike regular Korean Hangul, the Hangul Jamo Unicode blocks offer a far greater variety of pre-defined consonant clusters, many of which can be used for English as-is.

In initial position

  • /dɹ/ = ᅞ (as in 'drive')
  • /sp/ = ᄺ (as in 'space')
  • /sm/ = ᄱ (as in 'small')
  • /st/ = ᄹ (as in 'stand')
  • /sn/ = ᄮ (as in 'snow')
  • /sk/ = ᄸ (as in 'scan')

In final position - special cases

These ones have been slightly redefined since they would be much more useful for English as shown:
  • /ks/~/gz/ = ᆪ (as in 'box' and 'example', literally /g/ + /s/)
  • /sp/ = ᇪ (as in 'wasp', literally /s/ + /b/)
  • /st/ = ᇨ (as in 'last', literally /s/ + /d/)
  • /sk/ = ᇧ (as in 'task', literally /s/ + /g/)

In final position - the rest

  • /ps/ = ퟺ (as in 'chips')
  • /bs/ = ᆹ (as in 'tabs')
  • /mb/ = ᇜ (as in 'bomb')
  • /mbs/ = ퟡ (as in 'bombs')
  • /mn/ = ퟞ (as in 'damn')
  • /ms/ = ᇝ (as in 'clams')
  • /ds/ = ퟐ (as in 'sods')
  • /nt/ = ᇉ (as in 'ant')
  • /nd/ = ᇆ (as in 'and')
  • /ns/ = ᇇ (as in 'plans')
  • /nt͡ʃ/ = ퟌ (as in 'bunch')
  • /ŋk/ = ᇯ (as in 'bank')
  • /ŋs/ = ᇱ (as in 'things')
  • /st/ = ퟱ (alternative form of ᇨ)
  • /ɹp/ = ᆵ (as in 'burp')
  • /ɹb/ = ᆲ (as in 'herb')
  • /ɹbs/ = ᇓ (as in 'herbs')
  • /ɹv/ = ᇕ (as in 'curve')
  • /ɹm/ = ᆱ (as in 'term')
  • /ɹms/ = ᇒ (as in 'terms')
  • /ɹt/ = ᆴ (as in 'alert')
  • /ɹd/ = ᇎ (as in 'hard')
  • /ɹn/ = ᇍ (as in 'torn')
  • /ɹk/ = ᇘ (as in 'work')
  • /ɹg/ = ᆰ (as in 'iceberg')
  • /ɹgs/ = ᇌ (as in 'icebergs')
  • /ɹs/ = ᆳ (as in 'purse')
  • /ɹʃ/ = ᇖ (as in 'harsh')
  • /lk/ = ퟗ (as in 'bulk')
Still, not all consonant clusters found in English are adequately represented in the Hangul Jamo Unicode blocks. Given that English can have clusters of up to 3 consonants in both initial and final position ('strengths' is a notorious example), how can these be represented accurately?
My solution to this issue is based on how English loanwords are written in Korean hangul:

The null vowel 'ᅳ'

This is basically a vowel letter that has no pronunciation - it's just there to allow you to carry one or more consonants in a single character. For instance, /pɹa/ would be written as 프라 (not 'ᄑ라'), /stɹa/ is ᄹᅳ라, /gla/ is 글라 and /s/ on its own would simply be 스. All remaining consonants not in a Hangul syllable must end with the null vowel: 어ᇐ트 is /ɔlt/ (not '어ᇐᄐ').
The consonants ᅊ, ᅂ and ᅈ can only be an initial consonant - to put it as a final consonant, it needs to be in a separate syllable block with the null vowel: /θɔ/ 'thaw' = ᅊᅥ but /ɔθ/ 'auth' = 어ᅊᅳ, for instance.
  • ᅳ = /∅/
In Korean, the vowel letter 'ㅡ' (pronounced /ɯ/ in Korean and romanised as eu) is commonly used to write initial and final consonant clusters from English loanwords, as in the word '스트레스' (seuteureseu), from the English 'stress'. (In HETRD, 'stress' would be written as ᄹᅳ렛, half the length of the Korean version.)

Vowels

Vowels were also an intriguing challenge, since English has much more vowel sounds than Korean. However, by composing the base Hangul vowel letters together, it's possible to write almost every English vowel sound with its own unique symbol.
4 of the vowels have clear English equivalents. Although /ɛ/ is the modern Korean pronunciation of ᅦ, which originally represented a diphthong whose pronunciation has been lost to time, there were no more effective ways to write the /ɛ/ sound in Hangul, so this will do.
  • ᅡ = /a/~/ʌ/ (as in 'fun' and 'but')
  • ᅦ = /ɛ/ (as in 'bed')
  • ᅵ = /ɪ/ (as in 'bid')
  • ᅮ = /ʊ/ (as in 'foot' and 'look')
As for ᅥ, I'll get it to represent /ɔ/ since its actual pronunciation leans strongly towards the 'o' sound in 'dot' and 'shop'. While this is contrary to its typical transliteration as /ʌ/ in many Korean pronunciation guides, I consider this arrangement to make much more sense. For ᅩ, its actual pronunciation strongly leans towards the diphthong sound /oʊ/ in 'load' and 'coat', so that's what it shall be as well.
And for the schwa sound /ə/, let's use the archaic arae a vowel ᆞ, since /ə/ is most likely to be its pronunciation back when it was used. It's also the simplest vowel to write, which is fitting as /ə/ is the most common vowel in English. In writing, the arae a is placed in the same position as the horizontal vowels ᅮ, ᅩ and ᅳ: /də/ = ᄃᆞ and /əd/ = ᄋᆞᆮ.
  • ᅥ = /ɔ/ (as in 'lot')
  • ᅩ = /oʊ/ (as in 'load')
  • ᆞ = /ə/ (as in '-tion' and the last vowel of 'comma')
Together with the null vowel ᅳ, these 7 core vowel letters can then be used to expand the repertoire to cover the remaining singular vowel sounds in a largely intuitive manner.
  • ힹ = /æ/ (as in 'fan' and 'band')
  • ᅴ = /iː/ (as in 'bead')
  • ힼ = /ɔː/ (as in 'bought')
  • ᆕ = /uː/ (as in 'pool')
  • ᅢ = /aɪ/ (as in 'high'. Literally /a/ ᅡ + /ɪ/ ᅵ, the original 1440s pronunciation)
  • ᅶ = /aʊ/ (as in 'now'. Used ᅩ so that it pairs up nicely with its inverse, /wa/ ᅪ)
  • ᅦ이 = /eɪ/ (as in 'say'. This is the only diphthong that needs to be spelt with a digraph)
  • ᅬ = /ɔɪ/ (as in 'toy')
  • ᆝ = /ɪə/ (as in 'ear')
  • ᆠ = /ʊə/ (as in 'tour')

Iotated and W- vowels

Hangul has special iotated vowel and letter combinations to indicate diphthongs starting with /j/ or /w/. For all of the /j-/ vowels, an additional dot stroke is added to the original vowel, e.g.ᅣ for /ja/, based on the letterᅡ /a/. For the /w-/ vowels, the letter ᅮ or ᅩ is placed before the vowel in question - ᅮ is always used before /ɔ/ ᅥ and /ɛ/ ᅦ whereas ᅩ is always used for /a/ ᅡ and /aɪ/ ᅢ, as in Korean orthography.
In HETRD, these have been re-used as follows:
  • ᅣ = /ja/~/jʌ/ (as in 'young')
  • ᅨ = /jɛ/ (as in 'yes')
  • ᅧ = /jɔ/ (as in 'your')
  • ᆢ = /jə/~/jɜ/ (as in 'yearn')
  • ᅤ = /jaɪ/ (as in 'yikes')
  • ᅸ = /jaʊ/ (as in 'Yao')
  • ᅨ이 = /jeɪ/ (as in 'yay')
  • ᆈ = /jɔɪ/ (as in 'yoink')
  • ᅭ = /joʊ/ (as in 'yogurt')
  • ᅪ = /wa/ (as in 'what')
  • ᅰ = /wɛ/ (as in 'when')
  • ᅱ = /wɪ/ (as in 'win')
  • ᅯ = /wɔ/ (as in 'wander')
  • ᅫ = /waɪ/ (as in 'why')
  • ᅰ이 = /weɪ/ (as in 'way')

Writing /j/ and /w/ before other vowels

Still, the above method does not work for all vowels: for instance, there is no iotated version of /æ/ ힹ in Unicode Hangul, and it would be impractical to put ᅮ before /oʊ/ ᅩ due to the 2 dot strokes clashing with each other. For these cases, let's pull out 2 more archaic Hangul letters from the dead and make them our letters for /j/ and /w/!
For /j/, let's use ᅇ, which was meant to represent a tense 'Y'-like sound - pretty fitting. And for /w/, there's ᄝ, which originally represented instances where the archaic Chinese initial /m/ ᄆ had become /w/ by King Sejong's time in Sino-Korean words like 文 and 舞, pronounced wén and wǔ in modern Mandarin Chinese but mun and mu in modern Korean.
  • /j/ = ᅇ (as in 'yeet')
  • /w/ = ᄝ (as in 'wood')

Numerals

For this orthography, let's use the Chinese numerals (〇, 一, 二 etc) since they blend in well with the overall Hangul aesthetic, sharing the same square structure as Hangul syllables.
Cool - now for a quick summary of all the letters!

Letters

Consonants 컨ᄉᆞᄂᆞᇉ스

/p/ ᄑ (port) /b/ ᄇ (best) /f/ ᅗ (fun) /v/ ᄫ (van) /m/ ᄆ (moon)
/t/ ᄐ (test) /d/ ᄃ (done) /θ/ ᅊ (thank) /ð/ ᅂ (the) /n/ ᄂ (new)
/k/ ᄏ (call) /g/ ᄀ (get) . . /ŋ/ ᅌ, ᄋ (sing)
/s/ ᄉ (soon) /z/ ᅀ (zoo) /ʃ/ ᄊ (share) /ʒ/ ᅈ (closure) .
/t͡ʃ/ ᄎ (change) /d͡ʒ/ ᄌ (just) . . .
/w/ 우-/오-, ᄝ (way) /ɹ/ ᄅ (run) /l/ ᄙ, ᅟᅠᆯᄅ (laugh) /j/ 이-, ᅇ (yell) /h/ ᄒ (house)

Consonant clusters - initial position

/dɹ/ ᅞ (drive) /sp/ ᄺ (space) /sm/ ᄱ (small)
/st/ ᄹ (stand) /sn/ ᄮ (snow) /sk/ ᄸ (scan)

Consonant clusters - final

/ks/~/gz/ ᆪ (box, literally /g/ + /s/) /sp/ ᇪ (wasp, literally /s/ + /b/)
/st/ ᇨ (last, literally /s/ + /d/) /sk/ ᇧ (task, literally /s/ + /g/)
.
/ps/ ퟺ (chips) /bs/ ᆹ (tabs) /mb/ ᇜ (bomb) /mbs/ ퟡ (bombs) /mn/ ퟞ (damn) /ms/ ᇝ (clams)
/ds/ ퟐ (sods) /nt/ ᇉ (ant) /nd/ ᇆ (and) /ns/ ᇇ (plans) /nt͡ʃ/ ퟌ (bunch) .
/ŋk/ ᇯ (bank) /ŋs/ ᇱ (things) /st/ ퟱ (alt. form of ᇨ) . . .
/ɹp/ ᆵ (burp) /ɹb/ ᆲ (herb) /ɹbs/ ᇓ (herbs) /ɹv/ ᇕ (curve) /ɹm/ ᆱ (term) /ɹms/ ᇒ (terms)
/ɹt/ ᆴ (alert) /ɹd/ ᇎ (hard) /ɹn/ ᇍ (torn) /ɹk/ ᇘ (work) /ɹg/ ᆰ (iceberg) /ɹgs/ ᇌ (icebergs)
/ɹs/ ᆳ (purse) /ɹʃ/ ᇖ (harsh) /lk/ ퟗ (bulk) . . .

Vowels ᄫᅶᄋᆞᇐ스

/a/~/ʌ/ ᅡ (sun) /æ/ ힹ (can)
/ɛ/ ᅦ (head) /ə/~/ɜ/ ᆞ (comma)
/ɪ/ ᅵ (bid) /iː/ ᅴ (bead)
/ɔ/ ᅥ (pot) /ɔː/ ힼ (bought)
/ʊ/ ᅮ (pull) /uː/ ᆕ (cool)

Diphthongs 디ᇴᅊᅥᇱ

/aɪ/ ᅢ (high) /aʊ/ ᅶ (now)
/eɪ/ ᅦ이 (day) /ɔɪ/ ᅬ (toy)
/ɪə/ ᆝ (ear) /ʊə/ ᆠ (tour)
/oʊ/ ᅩ (dough) /ju/ ᅲ (use)

Triphthongs 트리ᇴᅊᅥᇱ

/aɪə/ ᅢᄋᆞ (higher) /aʊə/ ᅶᄋᆞ (tower)

Rhotic vowel sequences 러팈 ᄫᅶᄋᆞᇐ 시ᄏᆠᇇᄋᆞᆺ

/aː(ɹ)/ ᅟᅡᆯ (far) /ɔː(ɹ)/ ᅟᅥᆯ (north)
/ɛə(ɹ)/ ᅟᅦᆯ (chair) /ɜː(ɹ)/~/ə(ɹ)/ ᅟᆞᆯ (nurse)
/ɪə(ɹ)/~/ɪ(ɹ)/ ᅟᆝᆯ, ᅟᅵᆯ (near) /ʊə(ɹ)/ ᅟᅮᆯ (tour)
/jʊə(ɹ)/ ᅟᅲᆯ (cure) /oː(ɹ)/ ᅟᅩᆯ (force)

Iotated vowels 애오테잍ᄋᆞᆮ ᄫᅶᄋᆞᇐ스

/ja/~/jʌ/ ᅣ (young) /jɛ/ ᅨ (yes)
/jɔ/ ᅧ (your) /jə/~/jɜ/ ᆢ (yearn)

Iotated diphthongs 애오테잍ᄋᆞᆮ 디ᇴᅊᅥᇱ

/jaɪ/ ᅤ (yikes) /jaʊ/ ᅸ (Yao)
/jeɪ/ ᅨ이 (yay) /jɔɪ/ ᆈ (yoink)
/joʊ/ ᅭ (yogurt) .

W- vowels ᄝ- ᄫᅶᄋᆞᇐ스

/wa/ ᅪ (what) /wɛ/ ᅰ (when)
/wɪ/ ᅱ (win) /wɔ/ ᅯ (wander)
/waɪ/ ᅫ (why) /weɪ/ ᅰ이 (way)

Numerals 뉴ᄆᆞᄅᆞᇐ스

1 一 2 二 3 三 4 四 5 五
6 六 7 七 8 八 9 九 0 〇

Syllable structure

Hangul syllables are written from left to right. To read HETRD, it is useful to think of it as a stream of letters that happen to be formed into syllable blocks - a syllable may be divided into up to 3 parts depending on the available consonant clusters:
[Initial consonant(s)] - [Hangul syllable with initial + final consonants that fit] - [remaining final consonant(s)]
Some examples are as follows:
  • /noʊ/ (no) = [ᄂ ᅩ] = 노
  • /sam/ (some) = [ᄉ ᅡ ᄆ] = 삼
  • /baɪk/ (bike) = [ᄇ ᅢ ᄏ] = 뱈
  • /steɪk/ (stake) = [ᄹ ᅦ] - [ᄋ ᅵ ᄏ] = ᄹᅦ잌
  • /bænd/ (band) = [ᄇ ힹ ᄕ] = ᄇힹᇆ
  • /steɪks/ (stakes) = [ᄹ ᅦ] - [ᄋ ᅵ ᄏ] - [ᄉ] = ᄹᅦ잌스
  • /stɹɛŋθs/ (strengths) = [ᄹ] - [ᄅ ᅦ ᄋ] - [ᅊ ᄉ] = ᄹᅳ렝ᅊᅳᆺ

Sample texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

유니ᄫᆞᆯᄉᆞᇐ 뎈ᄙᆞ레이ᄊᆞᆫ 어ᇴ 휴ᄆᆞᆫ 랱스
어ᇐ 휴ᄆᆞᆫ 븽스 알 버ᇍ ᅗᅳ릐 ᄋힹᇆ 이ᄏᆠᆯ 인 딕니티 ᄋힹᇆ 랱스. ᅂᅦ이 알 엔ᄃᅶᆮ 위ᅊᅳ 릐ᅀᆞᆫ ᄋힹᇆ 컨ᄊᆞᇇ ᄋힹᇆ 쑫 ᄋힹᆿ트 터ᄝᆞᇎ스 완 ᄋᆞ나ᅂᆞᆯ 인 ᄋᆞ ᄺᅵ맅 어ᇴ 브라ᅂᆞᆯ훋.
(알티ᄏᆞᇐ 一 어ᇴ ᅂᆞ 유니ᄫᆞᆯᄉᆞᇐ 뎈ᄙᆞ레이ᄊᆞᆫ 어ᇴ 휴ᄆᆞᆫ 랱스)

Excerpt from a short story I wrote a while ago

For comparison, you can view the original one here.
애 ᄒힹᆮ ᄋᆞ ᄹᅳ레읹 ᅞᅴᆷ ᅂힹᇀ 냍.
인 ᅂힹᇀ ᅞᅴᆷ, 애 ᅗᅶᇆ 매셀르ᇴ ᄋᆞ웨잌ᄋᆞᆫ잉, ᄙᅢ잉 언 서ᇴ트 그릔 그랏 인 ᄋᆞ ᅗힹᆫᄐᆞ시 八-빝 ᄋᆠᆯᄙᅳᆮ ᄉᆞᄅᅶᇆᄋᆞᆮ 배 컴퓨ᄐᆞᆳ. ᅂᆞ ᄙᅮ미ᄂᆞᇇ 어ᇴ 블리ᇯ잉 모데ᇝ ᄋힹᇆ ᄝᅩᆱ, ᄎᆝᆯᅗᅮᇐ 칲튠 뮤ᅀᅵᆿ ᅗᅵᆯ륻 ᅂᅵ 엘. 어ᇐᅂᅩ 에ᇦ리ᅊᅵᆼ ᄙᅮᆿ드 블렄이 ᄋힹᇆ ᄸᅰᆯ, 잍 브ᄅힼᇀ 미 ᄇힹᆿ 투 ᅂᅩᇫ 데잇. 어ᇴ 어ᇐ ᅂᆞ 검퓨ᄐᆞᆳ 애 ᄉힼ, 一 어ᇴ ᅂᅦᆷ ᄋᆠᆺ 플레이잉 매 ᅗᅦ이ᇦᄅᆞᇀ 성! 애 잠프 ᄋힹᇆ ᄙᅴᇁ 인 죄 오ᄫᆞᆯ ᅂᆞ 샡. 애 ᅂᅦᆫ ᄉힼ 매 ᄒᅶᆺ ᄋힹᇆ 애 섿 "해" 투 매 베ퟱ 메잍스, ᄒᆕ ᄋᆠᆯ 웨잍잉 ᄋᅶᇀ샏. 위 ᄝힼᆿ드 투게ᅂᆞᆯ, ᄒힹᇦ잉 ᄋᆞ ᄎᆝᆯ이 ᄎힹᇀ ᄋᆞᄇᅶᇀ ᅂᆞ 컴푸ᄐᆞᆯ 겜 애 ᄋᆠᆺ ᄝᅮᇘ잉 언 ᄋᆞᆯᄙᆢᆯ.
"소 왙스 ᅂힹᇀ ᄏᆕᇐ 게임 거ᄂᆞ 비 ᄋᆞᄇᅶᇀ, 에이?" 완 어ᇴ ᅂᅦᆷ 앗큳."이ᇴ 유 ᄙᆞᇦ드 마리요, 유ᇐ ᄙᆞᇦ ᅂᅵᆺ!" 애 섿. "ᄋힼᄉᆞᆷ! ᄏힹᇉ 웨잍 투 시 잍!" 인샏 미 ᅂᆞ ᅗᅢᄋᆞᆯ 투 킢 미 고잉 비케임 ᄹᅳ렁ᄀᆞᆯ.
위 ᄝힼᆿ드 인투 ᄋᆞ ᄫᅵᄫᅵᆮ 산셑. 애 레미니ᇨ ᅂᆞ 메ᄆᆞ릿 어ᇴ 파ퟱ 사ᄆᆞᆳ, 플레이잉 렡로 ᄫᅵ디요 게이ᇝ 인 ᅂᆞ ᄏᆕᇐ 쎄읻, 이ᄫᆞᆫ ᅂᅩ ᅂᆞ 산 ᄋᅶᇀ샏 픸드 ᄋힹᇀ 四二 딕릣 ᄋힹᇆ 메ᇐᄐᆞᆮ 에ᇦ리ᅊᅵᆼ 엘릇.

Old Hangul Input Method (IME)

To type HETRD easily, I created a browser-based web app called the Old Hangul Input Method, which can input all the required letters in the Hangul Jamo Unicode blocks with great ease. It uses the standard Korean dubeolsik keyboard layout and expands it further to cover all of the archaic Hangul letters.
https://preview.redd.it/r0c3qfgwa03b1.png?width=1146&format=png&auto=webp&s=3913d3c0375c9a609ba231c56f517e5f1c823474
Without this tool, typesetting all of the archaic Hangul in this article would have been a drudge. In the spirit of open-source, I've published it on Github, where you can download it, open main.html in a browser and type away! Contributions and bugfixes are always welcome.
submitted by pcdandy to neography [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 13:30 AutoModerator ❗️❗️ (ITA) Conosci gli altri nostri Sub ?? Eccoli qui: ⬇️⬇️⬇️ / (ENG) Do you know our other Sub? Here they are: ⬇️⬇️⬇️ ❗️❗️

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submitted by AutoModerator to Seghe_su_Vip [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 12:07 Voodoo2-SLi GeForce RTX 4060 Ti & Radeon RX 7600 Meta Review

 
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KitGuru 62.2% - 81.4% 94.7% 68.1% 90.0% 102.4% 100% 131.1% 73.0%
LTT 68.6% 80.5% 84.7% 100.8% 72.0% 91.5% - 100% 126.3% 86.4%
PCGH 63.4% 75.6% 80.9% 92.6% 67.0% 88.4% 100.0% 100% 129.2% 72.3%
PC-Welt 63.1% 76.6% 81.6% 89.7% 67.0% 86.0% 97.8% 100% 128.8% -
PurePC 63.3% 75.9% 81.0% 91.1% 67.1% 88.6% 100.0% 100% 130.4% 77.2%
QuasarZ 62.9% 76.8% 80.7% 91.5% 69.9% 91.0% 101.8% 100% 126.1% 72.1%
TPU 63.2% 76.8% 80.0% 91.2% 68.0% 88.8% 100.8% 100% 128.0% 72.8%
TechSpot 64.0% 76.6% 79.3% 92.8% 71.2% 91.9% 100.9% 100% 128.8% -
Tom's 61.7% 74.9% 78.0% 91.3% 66.8% 88.7% 99.1% 100% 124.5% 72.5%
Tweakers 66.0% - 79.6% 93.4% 70.9% 91.6% 104.9% 100% 129.8% 75.2%
avg 1080p Raster 63.1% 75.6% 79.9% 91.9% 68.5% 89.6% 101.1% 100% 128.6% 74.0%
official TDP 132W 180W 165W 230W 170W 200W 220W 160W 200W 225W
MSRP $329 $399 $269 $479 $329 $399 $499 $399 $599 $349
 
1440p Raster 6600 6650XT 7600 6700XT 3060-12G 3060Ti 3070 4060Ti 4070 A770LE
Mem & Gen  RDNA2 8GB RDNA2 8GB RDNA3 8GB RDNA2 12GB Ampere 12GB Ampere 8GB Ampere 8GB Ada 8GB Ada 12GB Alchemist 16GB
ComputerB - - - 93.4% - 93.4% 107.9% 100% 137.3% 75.1%
eTeknix 58.9% 71.0% 73.8% - 72.9% 93.5% 104.7% 100% 130.8% -
HW & Co 59.3% - 78.2% 92.2% 65.4% 89.3% 101.8% 100% 133.3% 79.0%
KitGuru 60.7% - 80.4% 96.5% 69.1% 92.7% 106.1% 100% 135.6% 79.3%
LTT 65.3% 78.0% 84.7% 100.0% 72.0% 92.4% - 100% 129.7% 90.7%
PCGH 62.3% 74.9% 80.9% 95.5% 69.0% 91.1% 104.0% 100% 135.0% 79.2%
PC-Welt 60.2% 74.7% 79.1% 92.2% 67.1% 88.9% 102.7% 100% 133.6% -
PurePC 59.2% 73.7% 77.6% 90.8% 67.1% 89.5% 102.6% 100% 131.6% 80.3%
QuasarZ 60.5% 74.9% 78.3% 94.9% 70.2% 92.2% 105.5% 100% 132.7% 78.4%
TPU 60.8% 75.4% 76.9% 93.1% 69.2% 90.8% 103.8% 100% 132.3% 77.7%
TechSpot 62.8% 70.5% 79.5% 94.9% 71.8% 94.9% 103.8% 100% 130.8% -
Tom's 59.6% 73.8% 75.4% 92.8% 68.1% 91.4% 102.1% 100% 130.7% 77.0%
Tweakers 60.9% - 76.9% 92.1% 70.5% 92.3% 106.5% 100% 133.5% 78.5%
avg 1440p Raster 60.9% 73.9% 78.4% 93.4% 69.2% 91.5% 104.3% 100% 133.3% 78.0%
official TDP 132W 180W 165W 230W 170W 200W 220W 160W 200W 225W
MSRP $329 $399 $269 $479 $329 $399 $499 $399 $599 $349
 
2160p Raster 6600 6650XT 7600 6700XT 3060-12G 3060Ti 3070 4060Ti 4070 A770LE
Mem & Gen  RDNA2 8GB RDNA2 8GB RDNA3 8GB RDNA2 12GB Ampere 12GB Ampere 8GB Ampere 8GB Ada 8GB Ada 12GB Alchemist 16GB
KitGuru 56.8% - 73.5% 95.7% 71.1% 96.4% 111.2% 100% 139.4% 85.9%
PCGH 58.0% 70.1% 75.7% 95.9% 70.7% 93.3% 107.5% 100% 138.8% 84.6%
PurePC 59.4% 73.9% 75.4% 94.2% 71.0% 94.2% 108.7% 100% 139.1% 88.4%
TPU 55.2% 68.5% 69.9% 92.3% 70.6% 94.4% 109.1% 100% 135.7% 83.2%
TechSpot 65.8% 78.9% 86.8% 107.9% 81.6% 97.4% 110.5% 100% 150.0% -
Tom's - - - 93.8% 71.9% 95.8% 108.9% 100% 136.8% -
Tweakers 57.4% - 72.0% 90.9% 71.6% 94.7% 110.9% 100% 137.0% 82.7%
avg 2160p Raster 58.0% 71.0% 74.8% 95.4% 71.9% 94.7% 109.1% 100% 139.0% 85.8%
official TDP 132W 180W 165W 230W 170W 200W 220W 160W 200W 225W
MSRP $329 $399 $269 $479 $329 $399 $499 $399 $599 $349
 
Resolution Scaling 7600 → 6700XT 3060Ti → 4060Ti
avg 1080p Raster performance +15.0% +11.6%
avg 1440p Raster performance +19.1% +9.3%
avg 2160p Raster performance +27.5% +5.6%
Result 7600 loses with increasing resolution 4060Ti loses with increasing resolution
 
1080p RT 6600 6650XT 7600 6700XT 3060-12G 3060Ti 3070 4060Ti 4070 A770LE
Mem & Gen  RDNA2 8GB RDNA2 8GB RDNA3 8GB RDNA2 12GB Ampere 12GB Ampere 8GB Ampere 8GB Ada 8GB Ada 12GB Alchemist 16GB
ComputerB - 61.9% 68.3% 80.8% 69.4% 92.7% 106.0% 100% 136.4% 76.7%
HW & Co 38.9% - 52.4% 68.1% 62.6% 84.5% 96.6% 100% 132.1% 66.0%
KitGuru 44.7% - 63.2% 74.3% 68.0% 89.8% 105.2% 100% 135.2% 78.5%
PCGH 48.1% 55.1% 60.0% 72.4% 68.8% 88.1% 98.4% 100% 134.8% 75.9%
PC-Welt 41.6% 49.2% 60.3% 65.1% 67.3% 85.8% 96.7% 100% 135.3% -
PurePC 43.4% 51.3% 52.6% 67.1% 64.5% 85.5% 98.7% 100% 134.2% 73.7%
TPU 48.2% 58.3% 59.5% 71.4% 68.5% 86.9% 99.4% 100% 129.2% 75.0%
Tom's 39.6% 50.0% 51.9% 65.1% 66.4% 88.7% 99.3% 100% 131.8% 61.3%
Tweakers 47.4% - 61.4% 72.9% 68.7% 88.2% 101.4% 100% 133.4% 77.4%
avg 1080p Ray-Tr. 45.8% 55.0% 60.1% 71.8% 67.6% 88.2% 100.3% 100% 133.6% 73.8%
official TDP 132W 180W 165W 230W 170W 200W 220W 160W 200W 225W
MSRP $329 $399 $269 $479 $329 $399 $499 $399 $599 $349
 
At a glance 6600 6650XT 7600 6700XT 3060-12G 3060Ti 3070 4060Ti 4070 A770LE
Mem & Gen   RDNA2 8GB RDNA2 8GB RDNA3 8GB RDNA2 12GB Ampere 12GB Ampere 8GB Ampere 8GB Ada 8GB Ada 12GB Alchemist 16GB
avg 1080p Raster 63.1% 75.6% 79.9% 91.9% 68.5% 89.6% 101.1% 100% 128.6% 74.0%
avg 1440p Raster 60.9% 73.9% 78.4% 93.4% 69.2% 91.5% 104.3% 100% 133.3% 78.0%
avg 2160p Raster 58.0% 71.0% 74.8% 95.4% 71.9% 94.7% 109.1% 100% 139.0% 85.8%
avg 1080p Ray-Tr. 45.8% 55.0% 60.1% 71.8% 67.6% 88.2% 100.3% 100% 133.6% 73.8%
official TDP 132W 180W 165W 230W 170W 200W 220W 160W 200W 225W
realer Power Draw 131W 177W 160W 219W 172W 202W 221W 151W 193W 223W
Energy Eff. 1080p 73% 65% 75% 63% 60% 67% 69% 100% 101% 50%
MSRP $329 $399 $269 $479 $329 $399 $499 $399 $599 $349
Retail DE 219€ 252€ 288€ 364€ 317€ 329€ 439€ 428€ 599€ 369€
Perf/Price DE 1080p 123% 128% 119% 108% 92% 117% 99% 100% 92% 86%
Perf/Price DE RT 89% 93% 89% 84% 91% 115% 98% 100% 95% 86%
Perf/Price DE R&RT 110% 114% 107% 99% 92% 116% 98% 100% 93% 86%
Retail US $200 $245 $270 $330 $290 $345 $439 $400 $600 $340
Perf/Price US 1080p 126% 124% 118% 111% 94% 104% 92% 100% 86% 87%
Perf/Price US RT 92% 90% 89% 87% 93% 102% 91% 100% 89% 87%
Perf/Price US R&RT 112% 110% 107% 102% 94% 103% 92% 100% 87% 87%
 
Reality check: nVidia promised +13.3% performance between 3060Ti & 4060Ti at 1080p (but partly with ray-tracing and DLSS2). In reality, the average of 1080p benchmarks is +11.6% at raster and +13.4% at ray-tracing. AMD promised +29% performance between Radeon RX 6600 and 7600 at 1080p (again, partly with ray-tracing). In reality, the average of 1080p benchmarks is +26.6% at raster and +31.2% at ray-tracing.
Review conclusion: Stagnation at high price levels and low performance/price increases are manifesting in ever larger parts of the Ada/RDNA3 generation.
Source: 3DCenter.org
submitted by Voodoo2-SLi to hardware [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 10:25 sugar-soad I was recently crowned America's Next Top Serial Killer (part 1)

I awoke with a thumping headache and forced myself to sit up. The pungent stench of urine and god knows what else immediately assailed my nose. I looked around me to see dozens of people wearing the same clothing surrounding me.
We appeared to be in a small cramped location that didn't appear to have any toilets and unfortunately no ventilation. There was a section of the room which was empty and I could tell by the contents of the floor that this was the cause of the smell. The lack of toilets had meant that people had no choice but to improvise.
I gazed around at the other people that were around me and they all looked terrified. I tried speaking to some of them but they just hushed me and indicated for me to leave them alone. They were a mixture of people with every age group and ethnicity included. I could see one woman who looked like she was in her nineties and was using two walking sticks to stand upright.
We sat there for a few more hours with the stench becoming more and more unbearable. A loud buzzer went off which resulted in a few people screaming in shock. We watched as a door slowly began to open in the corner of the room. I was the first one to get up and carefully made my way forward. I peered out to see what appeared to be a large open factory building outside.
I contemplated staying where I was, but I was getting more and more lightheaded with the smells so I decided to leave. The others slowly began to follow me out and we all stood clustered together.
A screeching noise of feedback emerged from speakers which I finally spotted dotted around the building. A voice came over the speakers and announced "Welcome to the latest season of America's Next Top Serial Killer".
We all stood there in shock as the voice told us we were the intended victims who were going to help decide who this season's winner was. They thanked us for our help and promised our bodies would be disposed of in a humane way.
Four doors opened in front of us and out walked a number of terrifying looking people. The speaker told us that we were welcoming four new killers who were vying for the title of this year's ultimate serial killer. We were introduced to them one by one with a quick synopsis.
First was the Nun who wore a nun's outfit which was splattered in blood. I would have considered her beautiful apart from the fact that her eyes were completely bloodshot. The only thing she held were rosary beads which looked very used.
Next was the Reaper who stood there in a pair of jeans and a t-shirt. He was wearing a mask that looked like it had once been the design of Robin Williams face. He held a shovel in his hands and kept spinning it around.
Then came the Boyscout who wore clothes that were 3 or four sizes too small for him. His scouting uniform looked like it had seen better days. He carried a branch that he was sharpening with a penknife and kept jabbing it towards us.
Finally he announced the Headmaster who stood there gazing at us with a look of pure disgust. He carried two metal rulers that were almost half the height of him. He reminded me so much of some of my old teachers that I involuntarily took a step backwards when his eyes rested on me.
One of the other victims went towards the Nun and begged her to help him as he had a wife and family. She smiled at him for a few seconds before wrapping the rosary beads around his throat and ripping his throat open.
A fountain of blood sprayed out of his throat and a small bit splattered onto my clothes. Pandemonium ensued as everyone around me began running off in every conceivable direction. The killers began moving forward and lashing out at anyone that got too close. I saw the old woman with the walking sticks get decapitated. The Reaper had knocked her to the ground and then used the shovel to cut off her head.
I stood there frozen in fear as I watched the killers slaughter numerous people. The Headmaster was using his rulers to slash into people's skin and then hitting against their throat to crush their larynx. The Boyscout was using his branch as a spear and I watched him shove it through someone's eye and out the other side of her skull.
I finally convinced my feet to start moving and began dodging between the corpses that littered the floor. I felt something brush by the hair at the back of my head and knew that one of them had come very close to catching me.
I found an unlocked door at the door at the other end of the building and yelled at the others. A few of the other victims must have heard me as they began rushing towards freedom. The killers were occupied in killing off any of the injured.
I rushed outside into bright sunshine and had to shield my eyes for a few moments. I eventually gazed around to see a small clearing with a forest in the distance. The other victims began running past me and began heading for cover in the forest. I reached the edge of the forest and gazed back to see the killers emerge from the building. I had a good headstart and knew that it would take them a while to catch up with me.
I began to jog slowly while taking the occasional break to conserve my stamina. It was about twenty minutes after entering the forest when I heard a noise coming from somewhere to my left. I looked in amazement as the four killers passed close by while riding a group of ponies. The Nun looked terrified and was clutching onto the poor animal's neck.
The Reaper spotted me and swerved his pony over towards me. He jumped off and began to swing his shovel all around him in an obvious attempt to intimidate me. I nearly burst out laughing when he somehow got the shovel stuck in a low hanging branch. I spotted a thick branch on the ground and smashed him over the head with it. He collapsed face first onto the ground and tried to get up. I started smashing the branch into the back of his skull until the branch eventually snapped. I reached up and grabbed his shovel and used it to finish the job of crushing in his skull. I noticed a camera in one of the trees and realised they were filming everything that was happening here.
His pony was grazing only a short distance away so I climbed on its back and began moving forward. I passed the corpses of some of the other victims who had obviously been caught by the killers. I spotted a building ahead and made my way towards it.
I stopped at the entrance to what was obviously once a school and hopped off the pony. He just wandered off straight away and began eating the grass that lay nearby. I held the shovel in my hands and took two deep breaths before making my way inside.
I was greeted by the bodies of more victims who looked like they had tried to put up a fight and lost badly. Their bodies were covered in multiple stab wounds and each of them had their eyes ripped out. I was still standing there gazing down at their bodies when I heard a noise directly behind me. I swung the shovel around in reflex in the hopes of taking out one of the victims. I froze in shock as I watched the shovel smash into a woman's skull. Her accusatory eyes stared at me before her corpse crumpled to the ground.
Someone began clapping and I saw the Headmaster step out of a room with a sinister smile on his face. He reached behind him and grabbed the rulers and began to advance on me. I held the shovel in front of me in the hopes of using it to block his blows. He swung one of the rulers and I felt a stinging sensation on my arm as the ruler connected. His smile grew wider as he had drawn first blood. He began to move quicker and I was constantly having to adjust myself to keep him at a distance. He rushed forward towards me and I dodged him. I stuck a foot out and watched in glee as he fell onto the ground. One of the rulers went flying out of his hand and he began reaching to grab it.
I brought the shovel down and listened to his scream of anguish as I cut off his hand. I celebrated internally as I rushed past him and grabbed the fallen ruler. He stood up and faced me with tears of pain cascading down his face. I now held the ruler in my hand and began moving towards him. He began to back away while swinging his other ruler to keep me at bay. He wasn't paying attention to what was behind him and tripped over the body of the woman I had accidentally killed earlier. He began pleading with me to stop but I felt no remorse as I brought the ruler down and crushed his throat. I searched through the room he had come from earlier and found some food and water. I had a quick meal and decided to have some sleep as it was starting to get dark outside.
The next morning I awoke and began gathering up what food and water that I had already eaten and prepared to head out. I decided on a whim to check the Headmaster's pockets and lucked out as I found a set of keys.
I went to the opposite entrance of the building and peered out to see nothing moving. I explored outside and found two quads hidden beneath some branches. I tried the key in both and was relieved when it worked in the first. I decided my only course of action was to keep going forward as there was only death in front of me. I made a harness using the branches to hold my supplies and the weapons I had collected.
For the next twenty minutes I moved along at a leisurely pace through fields of daffodils. I could see tracks crossing my path possibly made by the other victims and remaining killers.
I saw something on the ground ahead and slowed down to check it out. I quickly grabbed my weapons just in case it was a trap. I found a young girl who looked like she was no older than 12. She was luckily just asleep and I went over and got her some food and water. She woke up screaming after I tapped her on the shoulder. I quickly calmed her down after explaining that I wasn't one of them. She still looked weary but gladly accepted the food I offered.
I started heading towards the quad to get more food for her and had only moved a short distance away when I heard a noise behind me. I turned to see the Nun standing behind the girl with the rosary beads wrapped around her neck. The little girl gave me a pleading look moments before the nun slit her throat. The spray of blood turned all of the daffodils around us crimson. The Nun smiled at me and began inching towards me. I backed up towards the quad and grabbed the rulers.
The Nun stopped coming forward and gazed in annoyance at the rulers. She was obviously used to close quarter kills so I now had the advantage over her. She began circling me in the hopes of getting around my defenses. I watched her carefully and waited for her to make the first move. She darted forward so I whacked her hand with the ruler and she let out a squeal of pain. She looked furious at this point as there was a small bruise forming where I hit her. She continued circling me while occasionally darting forward before being forced back by the rulers.
I decided I needed to go on the offensive and lurched towards her. She seemed surprised at this and didn't even have time to defend herself as I smashed her across the face. She moved backwards and spit out some blood that contained a tooth. I began to attack her repeatedly and soon her face and hands were littered with cuts and bruises. She fell to the ground in the fetal position to try and protect herself. I grabbed the rosary beads that she had dropped and wrapped it around her throat. I think she was about to say something but I didn't give her a chance as I ended her life the same way she had ended the little girls. I threw the rosary beads on top of her corpse before spitting on her and making my way back to the quad.
I moved along at a quicker pace and began seeing more corpses who had makeshift arrows sticking out of their body. I decided it might be better to go on foot incase I wandered into an ambush. I dodged from tree to tree while constantly looking in every direction. The forest was deathly silent as if in anticipation of what was coming.
I was making my way across a small clearing when I felt an agonising pain in my right leg. I almost wept as I saw the arrow that now protruded from it. I tried to continue going forward but my leg gave out beneath me. I heard a manical laugh coming from the trees and the Boyscout moved out carrying a homemade bow. He threw it to one side and grabbed his penknife. He advanced forward to kill me while I was wounded. I started to crawl towards my supplies and had just put my hand on them when I was dragged away. I turned to see the Boyscout smiling down at me. I instinct lashed out with my uninjured foot and hit him in the testicles. The smile on his face disappeared as he crumpled to the ground. I reached down and snapped the arrow head that was in my leg and jammed it into his ear.
He began convulsing on the ground for a few seconds before finally going still. Music began playing and a number of heavily armed moved towards me. They were flanking someone who looked vaguely familiar. I think I had seen him in some straight to video movies over the years. He congratulated me on winning this year's tournament as I lay there in shock. He started asking me questions but I was too stunned to answer.
This happened a few months ago and I am still coming to terms with everything that transpired. I was given a million bucks in prize money and made to sign a number of legal documents to ensure my silence. I haven't been able to find this show but I know it is out there somewhere on the dark web. I just hope that if any of you take part then you will fight back like I did.
submitted by sugar-soad to The_sugar_load [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 06:02 vancorona Loop Daddy Concert Photo Prints (by Photographer Van Corona)

Loop Daddy Concert Photo Prints (by Photographer Van Corona)
https://www.etsy.com/shop/VanCoronaPhotoPrints
​
Marc at the Bomb Factory in Dallas NYE 2021
​
Hey Ya'll!
I've been lucky enough to shoot 10 of Marc's shows from 2019-2022. Taken photos at smaller venues such as the Roxy to the iconic Greek Theater in LA. I'm selling prints of some of my favorite photos I've gotten of the Loop Daddy over the years. All prints signed, numbered and printed by me on semi-gloss professional photo paper (on my Canon ProGraf 1000).
​
I've know Marc since High School and it's really dope to help document the Loop Daddy's Rise from young man to a sex icon.
submitted by vancorona to loopdaddy [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 05:39 alurry [US] [Selling] Entire 4K SteelBook Collection (300+)

I am selling my entire personal collection. 95% of these were purchased new by me. Immediately after purchase I put them into the plastic protectors and haven't removed them since. None are heavily damaged (bending, major dents, multiple large scratches, etc.). There may be tiny dents, scratches, and the odd spine slash here and there. When you are ready to purchase I will let you know if I see any noticeable damage, however minor or major.
 
These are all used and opened and none contain the digital code or j-card. The vast majority contain all the original discs but a few might be missing the regular blu-ray. Most discs have never been played but I have watched a few once or twice. No issues while playing any of them.
 
I will ship for free via Media Mail. If you would prefer I ship using First Class or something else we can work out an extra fee. I would prefer to use PayPal F&F but will accept G&S if you insist. I will ship with the plastic protector (or with the slipcover that originally came with the SteelBook) and I will ship securely in a box with lots of bubble wrap (see picture below).
(https://imgur.com/a/tfyky1A)
 
Prices are somewhat firm but it's hard to say what a lot of these are worth so feel free to make an offer. The more you buy the better deal I can give you. 10% off (possibly more) if you buy 2 and it only goes up from there. I would prefer to keep most of the collections together for now but could sell individually for the right price.
 
Proof (https://imgur.com/a/UOAZ2UL). If you want more assurance I have 224 transactions in DigitalCodeSELL (check my post history). I can also link you my eBay page if that is allowed. 3.6K items sold with 100% positive feedback.
 
Metal Tin SteelBook Collections (https://imgur.com/a/tzS3F1q)
Title Retailer Price
Game of Thrones Complete Collection (4K) SOLD
The Hobbit Trilogy (4K) Best Buy $100
The Lord of the Rings Trilogy (4K) Best Buy $125
Mad Max Complete Collection (4K) Zavvi $100
Monsterverse 4 Film Collection (Empty Tin) SOLD
 
4K SteelBooks (Collections) (https://imgur.com/a/3J3XUjU)
Title Retailer Total SteelBooks Price
Bad Boys 1-3 Best Buy 2 $45
Back to the Future 1-3 Best Buy 3 $100
Bond 1-5 (Craig) Best Buy, FNAC 5 $140
Cars 1-2 Best Buy 2 $40
Dark Knight Trilogy Zavvi 3 $130
DCEU 1-12 Best Buy + Amazon.es + Zavvi 12 $450
Equalizer 1-2 Best Buy 2 $45
Finding Nemo/Dory SOLD
Frozen 1-2 Best Buy 2 $75
Godfather 1-3 Best Buy 3 $60
Godzilla + Godzilla vs Kong Best Buy 2 $60
Halloween (78, 18, 21, 22) Best Buy 4 $165
The Hitman's Bodyguard 1-2 Best Buy 2 $40
How to Train Your Dragon 1-3 SOLD
The Hunger Games 1-4 Best Buy 4 $70
The Incredibles Best Buy 2 $90
Indiana Jones 1-3 Best Buy 3 $70
Indiana Jones 1-4 Best Buy 4 $55
Jack Reacher 1-2 Best Buy 2 $75
John Wick 1-3 Best Buy 2 $60
Jumanji 1-3 Best Buy 3 $55
Jurassic World 1-6 Best Buy 2 $70
Kingsman 1-3 Best Buy 3 $50
The Lion King (94,19) Best Buy 2 $50
Maleficent 1-2 Best Buy + Zavvi 2 $45
MCU 1-30 Best Buy 30 $1200
Matrix 1-4 Best Buy 2 $95
Men in Black 1-4 Best Buy 2 $40
Monster's Inc/University SOLD
Mulan (98, 20) Best Buy 2 $70
A Quiet Place 1-2 Best Buy 2 $50
Scream (96, 22) Best Buy 2 $40
Sherlock Holmes 1-2 SOLD
The Shining/Doctor Sleep Best Buy 2 $150
Sicario 1-2 Best Buy 2 $70
Sonic the Hedgehog 1-2 Best Buy 2 $40
Space Jam 1-2 Best Buy 2 $35
Star Wars 1-9 + Solo & Rogue One Best Buy + Zavvi + FNAC 11 $500
Terminator (91, 19) Best Buy 2 $35
Top Gun 1-2 Best Buy 2 $75
Toy Story 1-4 Best Buy 4 $100
Trolls 1-2 Best Buy 2 $35
Venom 1-2 Best Buy 2 $40
Wreck-It-Ralph 1-2 Best Buy 2 $45
Zombieland 1-2 Best Buy 2 $30
 
Mondo X SteelBooks (https://imgur.com/a/76drd4b)
Title Retailer Mondo # Price
Boyhood (HD) Best Buy Canada #002 $25
Nightcrawler (HD) SOLD
Ghost in the Shell (HD) Best Buy #018 $15
It (HD) Amazon.it #022 $30
Friday the 13th (HD) Amazon.it #023 $25
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (HD) Amazon.it #025 $50
Justice League (HD) Amazon.it #026 $25
300 (HD) Amazon.it #028 $25
Wreck-It-Ralph (HD) Zavvi #034 $30
Avengers (4K) FNAC #039 $35
Doctor Strange (4K) Zavvi #041 $45
Black Panther (4K) FNAC #042 $40
Captain America: The First Avenger (4K) Zavvi #043 $40
Thor (4K) Zavvi #045 $40
Ant-Man (4K) Zavvi #047 $40
Iron Man 2 (4K) SOLD
Blade Runner: 2049 (4K) FNAC #049 $100
Captain America: The Winter Soldier (4K) Zavvi #050 $40
Thor: The Dark World (4K) Zavvi #051 $40
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (4K) Zavvi #052 $40
Avengers: Age of Ultron (4K) Zavvi #053 $40
Avengers: Infinity War (4K) SOLD
Avengers: Endgame (4K) SOLD
 
4K SteelBooks (Individual Movies) (https://imgur.com/a/RvIWYiY)
Title Retailer Price
21 & 22 Jump Street Best Buy $30
300 Best Buy $65
3:10 to Yuma Best Buy $20
Air Force One Best Buy $25
Alien Covenant Best Buy $20
Almost Famous Best Buy $45
Animal House Best Buy $25
Apollo 13 Best Buy $40
Baby Driver Best Buy $30
Babylon Best Buy $30
Beauty and the Beast (1991) Best Buy $50
Beetlejuice Best Buy $40
Blade Runner: The Final Cut SOLD
Bloodshot Best Buy $30
The Blues Brothers Best Buy $45
The Bourne Complete Collection Best Buy $60
Boyz N the Hood Best Buy $60
Brave Best Buy $25
A Bug's Life Best Buy $45
Bullet Train Best Buy $30
Bumblebee Best Buy $30
Carlito's Way Best Buy $30
Cinderella (2017) SOLD
A Clockwork Orange Best Buy $30
Cold Pursuit Zavvi $50
Coming to America Best Buy $15
The Dark Tower Best Buy $15
Deadpool 2 Best Buy $20
The Deer Hunter SOLD
District 9 Best Buy $45
Downton Abbey Best Buy $15
Dracula Best Buy $25
Dune (1984) Zavvi $35
Dune (2021) Best Buy $35
Edge of Tomorrow Best Buy $55
Encanto Best Buy $40
Ex Machina Zavvi $40
Frankenstein Best Buy $30
Free Guy SOLD
Forrest Gump Best Buy $40
Gattaca Best Buy $25
Gemini Man Best Buy $15
Ghost in the Shell (1995) Best Buy $20
Gladiator Best Buy $100
Godzilla (1998) Best Buy $25
The Good Dinosaur SOLD
Goodfellas Best Buy $70
The Goonies Best Buy $50
Grease Best Buy $45
The Green Mile Best Buy $30
Groundhog Day SOLD
Hacksaw Ridge SOLD
Heat Best Buy $50
Home Alone Best Buy $40
Howard the Duck Best Buy $35
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000) Best Buy $80
The Hurt Locker Best Buy $30
I Am Legend Zavvi $45
Inception Best Buy $80
Inglorious Basterds Best Buy $25
Inside Out Best Buy $35
Interstellar Best Buy $65
The Invisible Man (1933) Zavvi $25
The Invisible Man (2020) Best Buy $25
It (2017) Best Buy $25
It's a Wonderful Life Best Buy $20
Jaws Best Buy $35
Joker Best Buy $40
The Jungle Book (2016) SOLD
Jungle Cruise Best Buy $25
Kick-Ass Best Buy $35
King Kong (2005) Best Buy $30
Knives Out Best Buy $50
La La Land Best Buy $20
Last Action Hero Best Buy $25
The Last Duel FNAC $85
Lawrence of Arabia SOLD
Léon: The Professional Best Buy $65
Lightyear Best Buy $25
The Little Mermaid Zavvi $45
Logan Zavvi $50
Looper Zavvi $45
Luca Best Buy $55
Mad Max: Fury Road Best Buy $55
Mary Poppins Returns Best Buy $20
The Meg Best Buy $15
Mission Impossible: Fallout Best Buy $20
Moana Best Buy $30
Moonfall Best Buy $25
Morbius Best Buy $25
Mortal Engines Zavvi $20
The New Mutants Zavvi $40
Nightmare Alley Best Buy $35
Nope Best Buy $25
The Northman Zavvi $55
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms Best Buy $15
Oblivion Amazon.fr $75
Ocean's 8 Best Buy $15
Old Best Buy $15
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Best Buy $20
Onward Best Buy $60
Parasite Zavvi $35
Passengers Best Buy $35
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Buy $15
Pokémon Detective Pikachu Best Buy $30
Pulp Fiction (Brand New) Best Buy $35
The Princess and the Frog Best Buy $30
The Punisher Best Buy $40
Ratatouille Best Buy $70
Raya and the Last Dragon Best Buy $50
Rear Window Best Buy $35
Red Sparrow Best Buy $30
Requiem For a Dream Best Buy $40
Reservoir Dogs Best Buy $20
Robocop (1987) Best Buy $45
Rocketman Best Buy $15
Saving Private Ryan SOLD
Saw (2004) Best Buy $30
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World SOLD
The Secret Life of Pets 2 Best Buy $15
The Shape of Water Best Buy $55
The Shawshank Redemption Best Buy $45
Schindler's List Best Buy $40
Shooter Best Buy $15
Shrek Best Buy $40
Shutter Island Best Buy $35
Sing Best Buy $20
Skyscraper Best Buy $20
Soul Best Buy $60
Spartacus Best Buy $65
Speed Best Buy $60
Spies in Disguise Best Buy $20
The Spine of Night Best Buy $15
A Star is Born Best Buy $40
The Sting Best Buy $25
Super 8 Best Buy $25
Tangled Best Buy $65
The Ten Commandments Best Buy $25
Tenet Best Buy $20
The Thing Amazon.it $50
Total Recall Best Buy $35
The Town Best Buy $70
True Romance Best Buy $20
Turning Red Best Buy $20
The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent Best Buy $35
Unbreakable Best Buy $40
Uncharted Best Buy $25
Unforgiven Zavvi $40
Universal Soldier Best Buy $20
Us Best Buy $20
Vertigo Best Buy $35
Wall-E Best Buy $100
War of the Worlds SOLD
Warrior Best Buy $20
West Side Story Best Buy $25
Who Framed Roger Rabbit Zavvi $40
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Amazon.it $35
The Wizard of Oz Best Buy $70
The Wolf Man (1941) Best Buy $15
The Wolf of Wall Street Best Buy $15
Zootopia Best Buy $25
 
Regular Blu-ray SteelBooks (https://imgur.com/a/i8u4gnU)
Title Retailer Price
The Breakfast Club Best Buy $15
Cinderella Best Buy $15
Django Unchained Best Buy $15
Ex Machina Zavvi $45
Plaines, Trains, and Automobiles Best Buy $15
 
TV Show SteelBooks (https://imgur.com/a/CR27Ciu)
Title Retailer Price
Chernobyl (4K) Best Buy $70
House of the Dragon S1 (4K) Best Buy $35
Westworld S2 (4K) Best Buy $55
Westworld S3 (4K) Best Buy $55
submitted by alurry to MediaSwap [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 04:30 i_donthavea_name (WTS) Thinning the herd: North Arms, Karroll. Olamic, Spyderco, Fox, APurvis, Microtech, SBD, Benchmade, Berg Blades, Lacanico, Giantmouse, Pena X Series, Ferrum Forge

The purge continues! As stated before, I`m getting ready to retire and travel for several months so I'm drastically thinning the herd of safe queens and uncarried blades (round 3). I don't really have the room in the camper for as many knives as I have now. My downsizing can benefit you!
-Not looking for trades but all prices are OBO, all reasonable offers are considered.
-PP G&S, all prices are including shipping, US sales only, first YOLO/comment/message gets the blade.
-Up for sale this round is: https://imgur.com/gallery/luNP8Sc
.
1.) Steve Karroll AEB-L Fixed Blade.
AEB-L Blade. Previous owner had Karbadize make some scales for it. Comes with kydex sheath. Sheath was cut down to fit the new scales, the cut isn’t the most even but holds super solid. Small bit of wear from the sheath. OAL is about 7 7/16". Never sharpened. Comes with COA. SV $180
https://imgur.com/gallery/GVQEt1z
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SOLD 2.) North Arms Skaha 1 in Carbon Fiber. S35VN with Carbon Fiber Scales. Excellent condition. Very sharp and super light. Nicely centered and has that amazing Skaha action that still stands out. Drops shut too. Wonderful knife with beautiful milling. Comes with taco, North Arms letter, and business cards. SV $200. SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/uBH0Bzk
.
3.) Olamic Wayfarer 247.
M390 blade with Olamic's acid dark wash finish. This knife has been carried, fiddled with, but never cut anything besides opening some Amazon packages. The only blemish is a small snail trail on the show side of the blade. The centering is dead-on, action is good. Solid lockup. The scales have a deep-sea finish/sculpting that reflects light beautifully and is even better in person. Bronzed hardware and backspacer, the latter of which is also sculpted to match scales and the clip. Comes with the original zippered pouch, the COA, and the pivot tool. S/N T495-H, DOB 10.30.2020. SV $425
https://imgur.com/gallery/Uj62VEo
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4.) Olamic Swish.
Elmax blade with satin finish. Titanium scales in Olamic’s blue seabed contouring. Titanium Clip with nugget backbar anodized bronze. A few very slight marks/scratches on the blade, but not much. Handles look good with no noticeable signs of wear. Detent is very good and the blade fires out nicely with the flipper tab or a Spydie flick. Drop shut and the lock up is solid. Comes with the Olamic case, the COA, and 2 business cards. SV $350
https://imgur.com/gallery/4SPPfO8
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SOLD 5.) Spyderco Paramilitary 2 (PM2) Blackout Lynch. CPM S30VDLC blade. Easily the best PM2 I've ever owned. Snappy, super smooth, rock solid, drops shut, centered. Second owner. It saw some light use from the first owner but looks more or less new, slight wear near the lock on the spine. The edge bevel is a little jacked up but that's how it came from the factory. Comes with nice Lynch box, leftover Spyderco scales, clip, sticker, and key chain. SV $160 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/iN5uIou
.
6.) Fox Knives 40th Anniversary #005.
M390 striped blade and carbon fiber scales. You won’t find many of these on the internet. This one has a really cool blade. Appears to be a sharpened blade from the previous owner and general signs of carry. Really cool knife though. Perfect size, great ergos, that blade. My only complaint is the detent is a little soft so the action isn't super snappy. No original box but will come in a zippered pouch. SV $375
https://imgur.com/gallery/YTgzX0Q
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7.) APurvis Progeny V1.
M390 blade with a satin finish and purple anodized scales. Action is solid and the detent is on point. There are some marks from a previous owner’s sharpening on the choil and a couple of barely visible scratches on the pocket clip. Great knife with good ergos. No box but comes with a pouch. SV $225
https://imgur.com/gallery/6M1x0dr
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SOLD 8.) Microtech UTX-70 SE - CUSTOM. CTS 204P blade. Previous owner went overboard on this one, it seems like it was a fun little project. This one started life as a standard gray single edge. They then had this one blizzard washed and the hardware bronzed. The Microtech logo was replaced with what was supposed to be a Kraken, but it’s more like a cute little octopus... The blade was acid washed with satin flats, and finished on a wicked edge. All mod work was done by EDC House/Way of the Knife. The knife has not been used since it was modded, just fidgeted with. Functions perfectly and fires great. Some snails on the show side. This is an automatic tool, please be aware of your local laws and regulations. Comes with the box. SV $180 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/E9VRrf4
.
9.) Sharper By Design Micro Exo Typhoon with carbon fiber inlays.
M390 blade with carbon fiber inlays. Second owner but the original owner got this one directly from the original drop. Beautiful action, fit, and finish. One of the sharpest factory edges I’ve seen. Comes with the box. SV $300
https://imgur.com/gallery/I1SrdIS
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SOLD 10.) Benchmade Bailout 537SGY. CPM-3V partially serrated tanto DLC blade with black Grivory scales. Original owner but only carried a few times and never used to cut with. Practically new-in-box. Super light (2 oz) and super thin! Solid knife that is an easy carry and opens and closes with ease and fluidity. Comes with the box and Benchmade pouch. SV $175 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/vd5EXlP
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SOLD 11.) Benchmade Rift Osborne Design 950SBK. 154CM partially serrated DLC blade with black and charcoal layered G-10 scales. Original owner with light carry and only used to open Amazon packages. Sharp factory edge and perfectly flips open and closed with minimal effort. Very functional edge shape that is similar to the 940 but easier to hold onto with the textured scales. Comes the box and Benchmade pouch. SV $125 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/JsYli2r
.
SOLD 12.) Berg Blades Slim. M390 stonewashed blade with stonewashed titanium scales. This thing is pretty cool and despite its easily carryable size, makes you feel like you could chop down trees. Not the first owner, I flicked it open a dozen times or so, tested putting it in my pocket a few times, and then put it back in the box. Small snails on the scales but the stonewash hides them well. SV $275 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/3BjQkTS
.
13.) Ray Laconico & Massdrop Keen.
S35VN blade with brushed titanium scales anodized bronze. Gorgeous knife that shows almost no signs of being carried. This thing literally snaps open with early lockup, perfect centering, and no lock stick. Drops shut with the slightest shake. Comes with the box, taco, and R. Laconico cloth. SV $140
https://imgur.com/gallery/w8kACQ4
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SOLD 14.) Giantmouse Vox/Anso ACE Biblio with green Micarta scales. M390 stonewashed blade with green Micarta scales. Original owner and only carried for one week. Found out that micarta wasn’t my style. Great knife with the only signs of carry being slight patina on the micarta but there is still a long way to go to have them fully patinated. Comes with the box and original packing material. SV $150 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/Qw5NoOF
.
15.) Pena X Series Lanny’s Clip Flipper.
S35VN clip point blade with green G-10 scale inserts. Beautiful two tone satin and stonewashed blade and blue anodized hardware. The fit and finish is amazing and the action is smooth. Small snails on the titanium bolster. Previous owner added the lanyard and bead. Comes with taco only. SV $210
https://imgur.com/gallery/mzVWxhD
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SOLD 16.) Ferrum Forge & Massdrop Falcon Wing Edition. All black edition with stonewashed DLC S35VN blade with titanium scales milled to resemble a bird of prey’s wing. Really great detent and action. Drops shut with a shake. Second owner with almost no signs of carry. Perfectly centered. SV $85 SOLD https://imgur.com/gallery/2F1sYTg
submitted by i_donthavea_name to Knife_Swap [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 04:06 Toronca1 Celebrity Edge; Spain, France & Italy Cruise

I'm planning of traveling solo on June 17th on the Celebrity Edge to Spain, France, Italy. Has anyone done this itinerary? Are these interesting places to visit? How about doing it solo? Ajaccio Corsica, France, Portofino, Italy, La Spezia Italy, Cannes France, Palma de Mallorca Spain?
submitted by Toronca1 to celebritycruises [link] [comments]

2023.05.30 03:04 Bubzoluck [22 min read] Differences that Divide Us - The role of Racial and Sex based Medicine

[22 min read] Differences that Divide Us - The role of Racial and Sex based Medicine
Hello and welcome back to SAR! First off, I apologize for the hiatus in blog posts but had some things pop up and now I am clear! Alright off to the good stuff: For most things in life there are few reasons why one person of a particular sex or race would be more well suited to a particular job than another person of a different sex or race. Afterall, the quality of a cup of coffee would be just the same from a Black female barista with 10 years of experience as an Asian male barista with 10 years of experience. But medicine is a bit different; we do see differences because of sex or race that are important to understand, acknowledge, and factor into the diagnosis. Obviously a male isn’t going to have pregnancy on the differential diagnosis and prostate cancer isn’t a factor for female patients. The differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a drug, a disease, or treatment can vary wildly between the sexes or between races. So today I want to look at the differences that we are only now starting to realize and the emerging role of Pharmacogenomics as the next horizon for medicine. So the big question is: you got something big in your genes or are you just happy to see me? :P
Disclaimer: this post is not designed to be medical advice. It is merely a look at the chemistry of medications and their general effect on the body. Each person responds differently to therapy. Please talk to your doctor about starting, stopping, or changing medical treatment.

Pharmaco—what?

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https://preview.redd.it/m9y4cbtp9v2b1.png?width=747&format=png&auto=webp&s=1b116d1a0742dc8cc6bf458e684339fe3c2c34e6
Because I am a pharmacist I want to center our discussion on the drug choices and attributes influenced by sex and race but in order to do that we have to lay a foundation. The processes that move drugs from a pill into your body are broadly referred to as ADME but there is a hidden L step that is just as important to talk about as well. The lifecycle of a drug, LADME, are the five major processes that affect a drug inside the body. Let’s look:
  1. Liberation - When you swallow a tablet, the pill as a whole isn’t magically absorbed through the intestinal wall, it has to break down and liberate the drug from the dosage form. Liberation is the process of how the vehicle (what the drug is administered as) is broken down so the drug is free floating inside the body. This is also where we can see differences in timing such as extended release or immediate release products. It also governs other forms too like tablets you can chew or patches you apply onto the skin.
  2. Absorption - Now that the drug has left the tablet, it needs to move from the GI tract space into the body proper. The mucous membranes inside the intestine have a HUGE surface area allowing for many substances to be absorbed quickly and efficiently. How well a drug is absorbed plays a major factor in how well the drug’s action is. What if you're administering an oral (PO) antibiotic but the patient has diarrhea and they move the drug too quickly through the intestines? Can we be sure it was all absorbed? This is why we have alternative administration pathways like intramuscularly (IM), subcutaneous (SubQ), intravenous (IV), rectally (PR), vaginally (PV), optically (OU), and more. Each gets the drug inside the bloodstream where it can then get to the place it needs to go.
  3. Distribution - Speaking of getting where it needs to go, we have distribution. Once the drug is absorbed and dumped into the bloodstream, it needs to go to the place where the receptor, channel, or structure is for it to have action. Some places are easier to get to like highly vascularized (lots of blood vessels) areas like skin, the liver, and kidney while others are a bit harder such as the heart tissue, lungs, and brain.
  • “How does the drug know where to go?” It doesn’t! It will go everywhere in the body but that doesn’t mean that it will have action there. One good example is with Carbidopa, a dopamine receptor agonist used for Parkinson’s (oh look a post!). When a person take’s Carbidopa orally, it's absorbed into the blood and starts to distribute throughout the body generally. We want it to go to the brain to alleviate Parkinson's symptoms but it can also activate dopamine receptors in the periphery where it causes dizziness and constipation (I highly recommend reading the post if you want to learn how).
  1. Metabolism - Eventually the drug has to leave the body and metabolism is the first step in that process. Metabolism has two phases: phase 1 is responsible for deactivating the drug by modifying the structure of the drug in a way where it cannot fit inside the receptor anymore. Phase 2 takes the deactivated drug and makes it very water soluble so that it can leave the body extremely easily. The rate of metabolism is dependent on many different factors and is highly specific to each person which is why we do large pharmacokinetic studies in drugs before they are ready to be on the market. Failure to understand how a drug is metabolized can lead to toxicities from drug accumulation OR give too little a dose because the drug is metabolized so quickly.
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https://preview.redd.it/5f8b8yxq9v2b1.png?width=490&format=png&auto=webp&s=64cd2ed43f824a34992bd51a7ed6ff322f4c1f70
5. Elimination - The last step in the drug lifecycle is elimination or how it physically gets out of the body. The majority of drugs leave via urine of which the kidney is responsible for that process. Having a working kidney is key for correctly dosing a drug because an underworking kidney may not eliminate the metabolized drug fast enough causing it to accumulate. There are other pathways too; fecal excretion (through biliary elimination) is another major route but some drugs can be eliminated via the lungs (such as alcohol, which is why it can be detected in a breathalyzer), through breast milk (which is why understanding drugs in pregnancy is SUPER important), sweat, saliva, and sebum.
Obviously there are major differences in LADME between males and females—after all it's hard to insert a drug vaginally in a male. But now that we have a general idea of what the drug is going to be doing, let’s dive into each section and talk about the sexual and racial differences we see at each step.

Liberation—”Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death; - the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!”

When we think of liberation I want you to think of two things: getting the drug out of the formulation (such as the tablet or capsule breaking down in the stomach) and where that breakdown happens. These two factors are hugely important when we think about how the drug will eventually get absorbed—after all if you can’t liberate the drug correctly then there is no chance that it will be absorbed and then be utilized by the body. First let's talk about formulations:
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https://preview.redd.it/1i6ih37u9v2b1.png?width=722&format=png&auto=webp&s=f86e20c6a57e892093cc05f809239e5d32dd5d75
  • In your daily life you’ve probably come across different formulations of drugs. Here we are going to look at the most basic of them: Immediate Release (IR), Delayed Release (SR), and Controlled Release (CR) also known as Extended Release (ER). The main differences between these different forms is how quickly the tablet moves from a solid lump sitting in your stomach to dissolved particles. The slower it releases then the slower the drug dissolves into your stomach and the slower it will eventually get absorbed. Initially all drugs were formulated as Immediate Release because we had little understanding of the utility of longer dosing formulations as well as we didn’t have the technology to do it. There are a whole bunch of different types of Extended Release types each with different uses and drawbacks and choosing which is best for your drug is extremely important for deciding what works best. At the end of this section is a diagram that shows all the different kinds of formulations.
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https://preview.redd.it/87wzqtfv9v2b1.png?width=534&format=png&auto=webp&s=5823e621318faf23a995ebe62b305184ed433e20
  • But for now I want us to focus on the graph of drug liberation curves. The graph is divided into three zones with two very important barrier points: the Minimum Effective Level (MEL, aka MEC) and the Minimum Toxic Level (MTL aka MTC). Essentially if the curve of the line, representing the concentration of the drug in the body, is below the Minimum Effective Level then there isn’t enough drug to exert its action and we have Subtherapeutic levels in the body. Over time, the tablet dissolves more and more and the concentration continues to rise more and more and we pass the MEL into the Therapeutic Window where we see the action of the drug. In general we can say the higher you are in the Therapeutic Window, the greater the therapeutic effect there is or in other terms, the higher the dose the bigger the effect. Finally if you go above the Therapeutic Window you pass through the Minimum Toxic Level and enter into drug toxicity levels. Now, toxicity is a bit of a harsh word because this doesn’t mean we are going to see death but rather side effects due to too great of an effect of the drug. For example, say you are taking a drug that lowers blood pressure but due to changes in the tablet liberation the concentration rises above the MTL and your blood pressure drops a little too much and you get dizzy.
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https://preview.redd.it/xpwwknrw9v2b1.png?width=792&format=png&auto=webp&s=b9d650e79ac21e385aa2be2dcf89865c332818cf
  • In the first graph we can see how drug design impacts the speed of liberation. Let’s say that we have 100mg of a drug that we are trying to put in the body. Using an Immediate Release formulation would result in a much quicker liberation and thus absorption into the body but we can see that it peaks very quickly and then drops off very quickly. So you may only get a few hours of usefulness out of the drug. Compare this to the Controlled Release system which peaks much slower but also declines much slower too, remaining much more Therapeutic for a longer period of time. We can see this in Adderall used for ADHD—most people will take an Extended Release (ER) formulation in the morning so that they get many hours of sustained therapeutic benefit while they are at school or at work. You can see one method of how the beads inside the Adderall capsule are made—called Pelletization. Essentially an inert core is layered with different chemicals/drugs to build an “Onion” of layers [insert Shrek reference].
    • So wouldn’t extended release always be better because we avoid the toxic levels of a drug? Not necessarily. To give an example of one of my patients, this person was a 911 operator who would take their Adderall XR every morning at 8:30am and work from 9am to 6pm every day. For them, their Adderall would start to wear off at 4pm, so they would get 7 hours of benefit. But what abouts the last two hours of the work day? They can’t be distracted in their job else it costs lives and taking another Adderall XR would mean they are wired until 11pm. No good. This is where the utility of IR formulations come in—this person can take an IR dose at 4pm when the Extended Release starts to wear off and boost their levels back into the therapeutic range and get 3 or 4 hours of benefit but have it be gone by the time they go to bed.
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https://preview.redd.it/cfruoc1y9v2b1.png?width=777&format=png&auto=webp&s=77c85e5cb1ffbbc95fe5c461fa06d412750a4d8b
​
  • So hopefully you can see the utility of choosing different release systems now, but what about the second point: liberating in the right place in the body. Well some drugs are more effective if they are absorbed later in the digestive tract where it is less acidic versus the stomach. So some drugs may have better absorption if we can release them further towards the intestines than immediately dumping them into the stomach for absorption. This is where the utility of Delayed Release (DR) systems comes in. Drugs that are considered Acid Labile or sensitive to acid else they degrade are preserved better if they can liberate from the tablet in a less acidic environment. A great example of this is Omeprazole (Prilosec) which is used for decreasing the production of stomach acid to treat acid reflux or GERD—problem is that Omeprazole itself is very Acid Labile and if it enters the stomach unprotected then it degrades fairly quickly. This leads to the use of Omeprazole DR formulations where it is coated in substances that resist acid breakdown like Shellac or Sodium Alginate, thus allowing for the Omeprazole to be liberated in the small intestine where it is more likely to be absorbed.
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https://preview.redd.it/5hnd2l6z9v2b1.png?width=546&format=png&auto=webp&s=22bf98592421616b1d1ceb84ee6fef5eb2518d3d
  • This is all well and good but how does this relate to sex and race? Well one of the major differences between males and females is that females have a more acidic stomach than males making their stomach environment much more acidic. In addition the Gastric Emptying Time, or how long it takes for substances to move from the stomach into the small intestine for absorption, is significantly longer in females. These two factors mean that females taking a drug that is Acid Labile are more susceptible to degradation in a female than in a male. This means the utility of an Enteric Coated drug which would resist stomach acid would be much more beneficial in a female than in a male. Let’s look at a specific example: the drug Carbidopa is used in Parkison’s to treat the tremors associated with the disease. In younger females, the peak blood concentration for Carbidopa is 22 minutes later than males of the same age. As a female ages and goes through menopause that time to peak becomes more and more similar to males meaning not only are we seeing variability in sex but also in age.
    • Another example is looking at the effect of a drug's natural acidity with the relative acidity of that person. Ketorolac (Ketorol) is a non-opioid pain medication used for moderate-severe pain in people where an opiate may not be preferred. The problem with Ketorolac is that it is extremely acidic naturally and it can cause ulceration of the stomach lining if someone has a very acidic stomach environment like a diet filled with acidic food. What we find is that males can have a Ketorolac dose 36% times higher than females because their stomachs are naturally less acidic meaning that they can handle a more acidic drug without the negative side effects like acid reflux or ulceration.
    • On a racial standpoint we see similar outcomes. It is reported that individuals of Asian descent have a lower acid output compared to Occidental patients. Part of this can be related to the relative smaller body habitus (weight and height) in the Asian population but there is also a decreased expression of acid-producing tissues in the Asian population than other races. When quantified it appears that Asians have about 60% the acid secretion of Caucasians which is a clinically significant difference when considering drugs that need a more basic environment. For example, Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is taken one hour before breakfast because we want the least acidic environment possible, which happens when the body has no food in it. What we find is that Asian populations need up to 55% smaller doses of Levothyroxine compared to non-Asians. Kinda interesting eh?

Is that a polymorphism in your pocket?

Originally I was going to look at each part of LADME individually but kept running into a problem when trying to separate the drug processes into silos. While Liberation is distinct from the rest of the process, ADME cannot really be separated into its components in a way where I can tell the story efficiently. As such we will focus on the poster drugs that are significantly affected by race and sex and then talk about the larger implications in therapeutic development. Now clearly there are drugs that are used in one sex over another, for instance you aren’t going to find Atosiban used to delay labor in a male or Sildenafil (Viagra) for erectile dysfunction in a female. Now that being said they do have other uses but you get the point—so if I talk about a drug please know that I may be talking about a specific indication as well. So with that in mind, let’s jump in!
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https://preview.redd.it/t743qrdnav2b1.png?width=415&format=png&auto=webp&s=ab664f0523de9b7ade071ad07840698074dc1715
https://preview.redd.it/hdrinkpxav2b1.png?width=743&format=png&auto=webp&s=cc11930d2c0922801d093b2976afdb2d15df2d78
BiDil finds a home among Black patients—Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the most common conditions across all races and sexes and is usually referred to as the “Silent Killer” because, well, it doesn’t hurt. Unlike liver failure or an infection, you won’t really see any symptoms of high blood pressure but after a decade of not treating it people do develop critical end organ damage: heart failure, kidney damage, liver damage, etc. Imagine that your veins are like a garden hose; if you put your thumb over the end of the hose the velocity of the water coming out of the hose increases meaning that there is more force. So if you have higher blood pressure, you have higher force hitting your organs. So the medical community has developed countless ways of lowering blood pressure to help save our organs and we can group those medications into a couple categories.
  • For the majority of the population we follow a pretty tried and tested protocol of drugs: first up we would use Diuretics which physically decrease the amount of fluid that is in the blood vessel. In the hose analogy this is like if you had a leak halfway up the hose lowering the amount of water exiting the hose at the end. Now there are dozens of diuretics but most people are familiar with Furosemide (Lasix) and how it makes people urinate more (y’know, to get rid of the fluid). If someone needs another agent we turn to drugs like the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs). The ACEs (like Lisinopril, Enalapril, or Benazepril) and ARBs (Valsartan, Olmesartan, etc.) work by inhibiting the ability for a protein, Angiotensin, from connecting with the blood vessel wall. Angiotensin’s main job is to make the blood vessel smaller which would increase blood pressure—these drugs inhibit the action of Angiotensin thus preventing it from raising blood pressure. And our final category are drugs acting on the heart: Calcium Channel Blockers or Beta Blockers. While generally more helpful in situations like heart failure than hypertension, these drugs slow down the heart’s ability to pump blood which then lowers the force that the blood is acting on the blood vessels and organs. In a way it's like turning the faucet on the garden hose letting out less water into the hose.
    • So to summarize, the majority of people will benefit most from a Diuretic (which lowers the amount of fluid in the blood vessel), an ACEi or ARB (which prevents the blood vessels from getting smaller), and/or a CCB or BB (which lower the output of the heart).
​
https://preview.redd.it/iqua3w32bv2b1.png?width=343&format=png&auto=webp&s=8aeed509a15f83057db180b80eaf8b70b983a16d
Hydralazine vs Isosorbide Mononitrate
  • Enter the Venous Dilators which work by directly expanding the blood vessel size. These drugs are normally used in situations where the blood vessel is obstructed, such as during a heart attack or stroke, due to a clot. Administering a Venous Dilator would expand the blood vessel allowing the blood to wiggle around the clot and relieve the symptoms of the heart attack or stroke. Two of these drugs are Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate which are used by all sexes and races to prevent the progression of a heart attack and stroke which have very good success. Both of these drugs are fairly old: Isosorbide Dinitrate was discovered in 1949 while Hydralazine was discovered in 1949 and showed fairly good efficacy for decades.
    • Enter two doctors, Jay Cohn and Peter Carson, who wanted to market a new combination drug Hydralazine/Isosorbide Dinitrate (BiDil) in 1989 for congestive heart failure. The FDA said sure, go do a trial and so the duo set out to prove that BiDil was a good option for the general population. They tested their combination in a trial called Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) against the gold standard Enalapril (ACEi) and found that BiDil was…bad. Like really bad, in fact they had to stop the trial early because it would have been unethical to keep people on the BiDil rather than on the known treatment. So V-HeFT didn’t show that BiDil was a good option for the general population except among one subpopulation: Black patients. When you look at the use of Enalapril (and other ACEi) in Black patients we find that the efficacy is quite low. As it turns out, people of African descent have a lower response to drugs like ACEi and ARBs compared to non-Africans meaning that they are worse options for a Black person. So a patient that wasn’t responding well to a Diuretic and needed a second agent would get little help from an ACE/ARB drug. And at this point in time there were no CCB or BB!
​
https://preview.redd.it/99xtjp79av2b1.png?width=424&format=png&auto=webp&s=76359060ec8bca632878ccfa135bb45120889f60
https://preview.redd.it/t2aruc4aav2b1.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=c213b5411f28486e2c2be56b7a4a7829654009a1
  • So Cohn and Carson’s drug application for BiDil was rejected in 1997 because the statistical analysis in their multi-racial study was quite bad. On the recommendation of one of the FDA’s advisory committees they stratified the data on racial lines and discovered a significant difference in response among Africans vs non-Africans. They started a new trial and enrolled 1050 African men and women showing a 43% decrease in mortality and a 39% reduction in hospitalization against placebo. They reapplied for BiDil and in 2005 the FDA approved the first ever race-based drug. To this day if you go to BiDil’s prescribing page in a drug database it will include a specific race designation because it’s only approved for a specific race. Importantly too national organizations like the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association endorse this race based recommendation for Black patients.
    • Now this is great that we have a recommendation for a group of people that is superior to the normal regiment but there are a few complicating factors to consider. Firstly the term ‘Black patient’ isn’t really scientific—how Black does a patient need to be in order to qualify for BiDil? What kind of Black as well: African, Latin American, Caribbean, etc? Likewise this means it has to be self-reportable but what about a light-skinned Black person that was adopted and didn’t know they had Black genes? It's all very…unscientific. Recently there has been push back against this explicit race-based recommendation since other effective drugs do exist (like the CCB and BB which were discovered in 2006, one year after BiDil). There was a new study in 2022 from UCSF that talked about the role of prescribing based on race but personally I think there are too many confounders (influencing factors) like socioeconomic status to accurately say BiDil should be done away with. BiDil was shown to be effective in the Black population but how it gets applied is another story.
​
https://preview.redd.it/qs817v27bv2b1.png?width=570&format=png&auto=webp&s=bfb725e4bac64a0b564ac3ac9de7151b68ce3c1b
https://preview.redd.it/w71a739dbv2b1.png?width=500&format=png&auto=webp&s=5fb3dd3701992dc410e32638283928e29df14859
Liver Enzyme Distribution affects Metabolism—Once a drug is in the body it needs to be deactivated and removed eventually. This process of deactivating a drug happens during Metabolism which primarily happens in the liver via the Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. These CYP enzymes are like little factories that take up a drug and make slight modifications that remove its ability to affect the body. Each CYP enzyme is best suited for certain drugs while some enzymes, like CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, are able to handle a higher percentage of drugs. You can see in the pie chart above that some enzymes are more important in metabolism than others.
  • That being said, the distribution of the CYP enzymes is not constant from one person to another. For example, in females they have a higher distribution of CYP3A4 than males which can be thought of them having more deactivation factories than males. This means if we were to give the same dose to a female and a male the female would metabolize the drug much faster and thus have a decreased effect. This is incredibly important because CYP3A4 accounts for 30% of all drugs including birth control, many psychiatric drugs, and chemotherapeutics meaning that females would need higher doses than males, in theory. The opposite is true for CYP2E1 which is higher in males than females and is a metabolizer of ethanol (minor) and caffeine (major) which means that higher doses of both would be needed to have the same effect male vs female. Neat eh? Like there are sex differences for CYP enzymes we are starting to discover racial differences in CYP enzymes: we have identified Polymorphisms or small genetic variability among the genes that encode the CYP enzymes. Truthfully this isn’t surprising, we know there is genetic variability in genes that affect hair or eye color, so it's not too surprising that the CYP enzymes are equally affected. What is interesting is that the racial differences in CYP enzymes can lead to wildly different enzyme activity levels that lead to clinically significant differences in drug response. Or in simpler terms, some races respond better to some drugs because they have different liver enzymes!
​
https://preview.redd.it/qtt2o87ebv2b1.png?width=460&format=png&auto=webp&s=0e15a6dc5f1319aea23ec1209a47db87ec78e31b
  • Let’s take a look at one drug, Amitriptyline (Elavil) used for depression and anxiety, and how Polymorphisms result in changes in response. Quickly let's take a look at the metabolism: we can see that Amitriptyline is metabolized by two enzymes, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. If it is metabolized by 2D6 first then it converts into an inactive metabolite that is eventually removed from the body. However if it first goes through 2C19 then it is converted to an active metabolite, Nortriptyline which would extend the action of the drug than if it went through 2D6. But if it does go through 2C19 then it will be handled by 2D6 into an inactive metabolite (bottom right), so either way we need 2D6 to get rid of the drug.
​
https://preview.redd.it/d57gfgqfbv2b1.png?width=772&format=png&auto=webp&s=ff186745a84bc3cc0f651bb11ba961a56a0bfa48
  • So let’s look at what happens when we mess with the metabolism of Amitriptyline through 2D6. Well if someone is a 2D6 poor metabolizer then they would be unable to clear the drug quickly and so it would hang around in the body longer—so more anti-depression activity (and side effects). We find that up to 10% of Caucasians are poor 2D6 metabolizers meaning that they would have a better response to Amitriptyline than those who are normal metabolizers. Likewise we find that up to 51% of Asians are intermediate metabolizers which has led to an overall increased response of 74%! The flip side to this are the Ultrarapid metabolizers who would clear the drug extremely quickly through 2D6 thus leading to a decreased response to Amitriptyline. Up to 29% of Subsaharan Africans are found to be Ultrarapid metabolizers meaning that Amitriptyline (and other drugs going through 2D6) is the wrong option for them.
​
https://preview.redd.it/wbvc02bhbv2b1.png?width=616&format=png&auto=webp&s=64bef947b9a5d21babaa06216b57df76c5e8f39c
  • Looking at 2C19 we see a much different distribution among the races. Remember that 2C19 converts the drug into an active metabolite which would extend the activity of the drug—if you don’t go through 2C19 then you’d have a decreased response. So patients who are Oceanian have a whopping 89% chance to be an intermediate or worse metabolizer and so a much MUCH higher chance of decreased response to Amitriptyline. Compare this to Caucasian patients who have a 32% chance to have increased activity on 2C19 meaning a potential increased response to Amitriptyline.
​
https://preview.redd.it/ardo2ygibv2b1.png?width=579&format=png&auto=webp&s=f8d09c0ec32bd15dba84dace849c87e1db58e1b3
  • Now is it really as simple as this? No, I am glossing over some of the finer details but I wanted to show how racial differences are a major factor in how drugs affect the body. Imagine if you had a population that had an 89% chance to have a decreased effect on birth control? Or what if you were a carrier of the HLA-B*5701 gene which means you are horribly allergic to the anti-HIV medication Abacavir (like up to 20% of Indians)? This is where the next generation of medicine comes from and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium is aiming to have their CPIC genomic guidelines become standard practice. In fact I am seeing more and more patients getting their liver enzymes done so we can see what kind of response they would have, especially if they have failed multiple drugs for a condition. Take a look at the guidelines page and see how many drugs are incorporated into the recommendations.
Regardless, pharmacogenetics has major impacts on how we treat patients every day but also may be a factor in some of the clinical disasters that we see. Afterall, 53% of Africans have decreased metabolism through CYP3A4 which is the major metabolizer of Fentanyl which may be a contributing factor why Blacks face higher overdose rates. If you haven’t, consider getting a pharmacogenomic test (many insurances will pay for it now) and unlock some secrets of your own body! Cheers!
submitted by Bubzoluck to SAR_Med_Chem [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 22:27 Gabrielgalileia2527 Medellin has started the construction of the 80th Avenue Metro light rail line.

Medellin has started the construction of the 80th Avenue Metro light rail line. submitted by Gabrielgalileia2527 to ChratosGameplay [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 20:18 MatoroTBS Kaiserreich Beta 0.25 - ‘On the Wide Steppe’

After several years, the Eastern Europe Rework is complete, as the release of the Ukraine rework signals the end of an era for Kaiserreich. We learned a lot from the development process, with the Eastern Europe Rework being released incrementally, unlike the single large update that gave much of the China rework. With each successive release, we try our best to reach new heights with the mod, and to build on the work that was done beforehand, and both of these aims particularly apply to the Eastern Europe Rework. Our efforts remain ongoing on the reworks of all European majors, and the team members who worked on Ukraine have already moved on to work on Russia, Spain and Austria-Hungary. But for now, we are pleased to bring you our latest release, and we hope you enjoy it!
Changes
Notable Additions
Reworked/Expanded Focus Trees
Tweaked Focus Trees
New Events
New Decisions
New Custom Country Paths
GFX
Music Mod
Mapping
Other Changes
We hope you enjoy playing Kaiserreich as much as we did making it!
- The KR4 Team: 84F8D8, Alpinia, Arvidus, Augenis, Blackfalcon501, Carmain, Chazem, Chiang Kai-shrek, Chiron29, Cody, Conchobhar, DuoDex, El Daddy, Fedex, Flamefang, Gaboemi, Gideones, Hamfast, hildagrim, Ido, Igor050301, JazzyHugh, Jeankedezeehond, Jonny BL, Juliet Wehrwolf, Kano, katieluka, Kennedy, kergely, KFateweaver, Klyntar King, Krčo, Luwofe, Matoro, McOmghall, ~mw~ // miwaco, NukeGaming, Owenomaly, PPsyrius, Pelmen, RagnoStrangeros, Rnk, Shiroe, Sonny O’Cad, SuperGreenBeans, suzuha, The Alpha Dog, The Irredentista, The Italian Jojo, Vidyaország, and Zimbabwe Salt Co.
submitted by MatoroTBS to Kaiserreich [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 19:33 KariteButter What is your opinion on women in art done by men?

I am a man and I work in illustration. I draw and paint women, sometimes nude (don't draw life models). I try to make it as unpornographic as possible (using shadows/cloth to hide private parts etc.) but some drawings are sensual.
I would like to know what the opinions of women from FemaleDatingStrategy users/sympathizers would be on how much is too much? Is all art of women objectifying them? What would be some examples of art that is acceptable? Should I only draw clothed women? Would it be better to find a new niche? Would it be more moral to go back to work in a factory? Thanks! I should have posted some historical examples examples. Which of these are okay? Which of these are hyper sexualised? edit: some historical examples nude:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Podkowinski_-_La_Folie.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Falero_Luis_Riccardo_La_favorite_1880_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg
non-nude:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cleopatra_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Sargent_MadameX.jpeg
submitted by KariteButter to PurplePillDebate [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 16:38 mariarayalopez Great comedy of myth Michael J. Fox

Great comedy of myth Michael J. Fox submitted by mariarayalopez to moviecritic [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 16:34 FxckOtis Justine Triet al Festival di Cannes nel suo discorso di ringraziamento per la Palma d’Oro richiama le proteste per la riforma delle pensioni in Francia

Justine Triet al Festival di Cannes nel suo discorso di ringraziamento per la Palma d’Oro richiama le proteste per la riforma delle pensioni in Francia submitted by FxckOtis to Italia [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 14:48 FxckOtis Justine Triet al Festival di Cannes nel suo discorso di ringraziamento per la Palma d’Oro richiama le proteste per la riforma delle pensioni in Francia

Justine Triet al Festival di Cannes nel suo discorso di ringraziamento per la Palma d’Oro richiama le proteste per la riforma delle pensioni in Francia submitted by FxckOtis to UnionePopolare [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 14:02 dreftzg [Daily News] TAG Heuer Gives The New Monaco A Skeleton Dial, Aquastar Revives Their First Dive Watch With The Model 60, De Bethune Shrinks Their New DB28XS And Alpina Has A Very Interesting Startimer Pilot

It's Monday and I have a bone to pick with TAG Heuer. They announced their new watch right as I clicked publish on the news update. I guess you're already caught up on it.

What's new

1/
TAG Heuer Releases A Trio Of New Monacos With Skeleton Dials Ahead Of The Big Race
Hey, thanks a lot TAG! The exact second I sent out the Friday edition of It’s About Time they decided to announce a new watch. And not just any watch, that I would be cool with waiting until Monday to write about it. It is a trio of new and very different TAG Heuer Monaco Skeleton Chronographs, one of the first times they put a skeleton dial in the Monaco, but it’s also a release that coincides with the Monaco F1 Grand Prix. So here I am, writing about it after the race is over.
Never mind, it’s still a nice watch. Excluding the V4 editions that had a different case and was driven by belts, a unique piece in carbon made for Only Watch 2021, and the very exclusive “Riviera” edition, TAG Heuer has never made a production Monaco with a skeleton dial. And looking at these watches, it looks to have been a mistake on TAG’s part as the watches really do look fantastic.
The base dimensions of the watch remain the same - 39mm wide and 14.7mm thick, but not much else is the same. The case in the skeleton model is made out of sandblasted titanium to make it much lighter. While I see why some people would want that, I adore the weight of the original model. You know when you are wearing one.
TAG calls this watch a skeleton, I described it as a skeleton but it, in fact, is not actually a skeleton watch. It would more appropriately be described as an openworked Monaco, as it has a partial dial that reveals a slightly reworked movement. But even as such it looks great - all sharp lines and angles. The watch comes in three editions - Original Blue with an untreated titanium case, blue dial, white and red accents and a blue strap; Racing Red, an untreated case, black dial with red and white accents and a black strap; and Turquoise, with a black DLC coated case, a black strap, a black dial with turquoise-coloured accents and sub-dials, a colour also being sported on the column wheel and rotor.
Inside is the familiar Calibre Heuer 02 with some slight improvements, with an 80 hour power reserve. Apart from the colors, all the straps are the same, a mix of rubber and leather with a titanium folding clasp.
All three are part of the regular collection and are not limited. The Original Blue and Racing Red editions are priced at CHF 10,500, and the DLC-coated Turquoise edition at CHF 11,000.
2/
Aquastar Revives Their First Dive Watch With The Model 60, The Most Classic Of Skin Divers With A Great Price
We are in the golden age of brand revivals. Aquastar, for example, was founded in the early 60s in Geneva by Frédéric Robert, a diver, sailor, pilot, mathematician and watchmaker after Robert took over his fathers watchmaking business JeanRichard. Over the next ten years, Rober filed a number of patents that are still relevant today, like inner rotating bezels, multiple dive decompression bezels, a new crown sealing system and the friction bezel ring…
When Robert retired, the brand was bought and sold by a number of companies and ended up being revived in 2020 by Rick Marei, who is known for building up Doxa to the powerhouse it is today. And ever since then they have been putting out fire releases. Their newest one is the Aquastar Model 60, which brings back the brand’s first-ever diver with modern specs.
All of the modern releases from Aquastar have been based on the Deepstar, but the Model 60 gets a completely new case. It’s based on the original Model 60, introduced in 1957 as JeanRichard7s first diver with a water resistance rating of 100 meters, and it was seemingly the earliest watch to use a skin-diver-style case. The Model 60 is also famous for being worn by Don Walsh to the bottom of the Mariana Trench while inside the Trieste submersible.
The stainless steel case of the Model 60 measures 37mm wide, 47mm lug-to-lug, 11mm thick and with a 19mm lug spacing. Speaking of the lugs, the watch comes on a tropic strap and can be had with an optional beads-of-rice bracelet with a safety clasp, or a nylon strap. Water resistance is 200 meters, and the sunburst-finished steel bezel is bidirectional.
The dial is what you would expect from a vintage diver - black with printed white minute track and hour markers, filled with “Old Radium” Super-LumiNova. The hands are the same as the Deepstar aside from the addition of a central seconds hand with a lume pip. Inside the watch is the La Joux-Perret G100, which features a 68-hour power reserve and is adjusted to four positions.
The Aquastar Model 60 will be a regular production model for the brand, and will not be limited. The Model 60 will start at $990 and rise to $1,290 at some point. The bracelet will cost an extra $159. Also the first 100 buyers will get a liquid-filled compass that can be attached to either a Tropic or nylon strap. However, considering the amount of press this watch has gotten over the weekend, I imagine they sold the first 100 already.
3/
The New And More Compact De Bethune DB28XS Starry Seas Is An Ode To Calm Seas
De Bethune watches are really something very special. The DB28 line especially. The floating lugs, delta-shaped bridge and crown at noon all give it a very futuristic look while remaining supremely elegant. The newly introduced DB28X Starry Seas takes all of these traits and gives them a huge makeover, despite looking practically the same - it shrinks it down radically to 39mm and gives it a beautifully serene blue dial with a world-first random guilloché pattern designed to evoke a starry sea.
The DB28XS is not only the smallest model in De Bethune’s family but inherits the slimmer, more stylised profile of the DB28XP models. With its diameter of 38.7mm (down from almost 43mm of the DB28) and thickness of 7.4mm, this petite newcomer is small and slim but also light, thanks to the polished titanium case.
The dial, which relies on a heat-blued titanium base that De Bethune has become known for, is decorated with the world’s first random guilloché pattern invented by De Bethune. Whether this means that De Bethune invented a random guilloché pattern or whether it is the fact that De Bethune has applied a random guiloché pattern to a blued titanium base needs clarifying. But there’s no denying that it’s a beautiful dial, as the wavy pattern is interrupted with sprinklings of white gold that mimic stars. A silver-plated rounded chapter ring bearing transferred Arabic numerals for hours and a blue dotted minute track frames the wavy dial. Time is indicated by two custom-made and hand-polished titanium openworked hands.
The watch comes on a supple dark blue alligator leather strap with light blue top stitching and a titanium pin buckle. De Bethune have not said whether this will be a limited model or when it will be available, but it’s expected to retail for CHF 77,000, excluding taxes.
4/
Alpina Has A Very Interesting Startimer Pilot Heritage Manufacture
Alpina is really starting to annoy me. I don’t want to take them seriously, on account of the name they share with the people that make my skis, and I’m not a huge fan of a number of their watches. But every now and again, they release a watch that’s just so great… Wait until you read all the specs and the price of the newly introduced Aplina Startimer Pilot Heritage Manufacture, an attractive vintage-inspired pilot’s watch.
The barrel-shaped case measures 42×40.75mm and lacks traditional lugs, with the strap going deep into the brushed case, with a crown at 4 o’clock. The dial is splendidly simple, with a deep blue color, a white minute track and beige luminescent hour markers. The rectangular hour and minute hands get the same beige lume. You can get it on a very vintage brown calf leather strap with white stitching.
But what’s really special is what’s inside the watch. A number of Alpina watches have had third party movements, but this one gets the AL-709 in-house calibre, an automatic movement presented in a becoming golden hue. Visible via an exhibition caseback, the movement at first glance resembles a manual movement due to its oscillating mass sharing the same golden tones as the automatic device bridge and mainplate. Subtle graining, blue screws and perlage are all augmenting the model’s overall appeal.
But what makes it even more special is the availability of 188 pieces and the price - just €2,850. And now this presents me with a question. This is obviously a very attractive watch - it looks great, has a good size, has an in house movement and does not break the bank, while still being limited which should, in theory, increase its desirability. I only now found out about the watch from the article in Escapement. In fact, this has been available since January. Why hasn’t it sold out yet? Is it just not attractive enough? Is it the name? It can’t be the value for money, or am I mistaken?
5/
Respected Independent Watchmaker Andreas Strehler Launches New Brand And Watch With The Strehler Sirna
Andreas Strehler is one of those watchmakers that is a leader among independent watchmakers and for good reason. He has mastered everything from fabrication to finishing, but then would not budge from the polarising design of his watches that many argue kept a lot of customers from him. And I love when someone is so stubborn. To be clear, his previous watches were not ugly monstrosities. They were elegant timepieces marked by a distinctive papillon, or “butterfly”, movement architecture and resulting cushion-shaped case, and Strehler has become known as the independent watchmaker’s watchmaker, having developed the HMC 341 perpetual calendar movement for H. Moser & Cie and the Dragon Lever escapement for Precision Engineering.
Stehler has now decided to expand to a wider audience and has launched a new brand known simply as Strehler, which aims to reach a wider audience with more accessible designs and prices. The brand’s opening act is the Sirna, named after the town of Sirnach in northeastern Switzerland where the manufacture is based.
At launch, the Sirna is offered in a single reference that features an elegantly proportioned, 40 mm steel case with a concave case band and ergonomically formed lugs. The crown is inlaid with a blue titanium disk that features Mr. Strehler’s signature Papillon logo. The patterned dial is also titanium, anodised in a beautiful blue. Designed by Eric Giroud, each dial is machined and laser-engraved before being individually hand polished.
But what’s really special is what’s inside - the in-house SA-30 movement that has some of the highest quality finishings at this price point. For example, the movement has an in-house gold rotor and ball-bearing rotor mount. Most brands, even those in the so-called “Holy Trinity”, typically outsource the production of rotors to a specialist.
The architecture of this 30mm calibre stands out with a series of circles for the bridges and the openworked rotor that match the curvature of the case. The large, free-sprung balance beats at 21,600 vibrations/hour and boasts 60 hours of power reserve. The decoration of this movement is refined, with hand-chamfered bevels, circular Geneva stripes, graining and circular-grained wheels, all channelling the movement’s elaborate design.
The Strehler Sirna comes on a supple brown calfskin strap with off-white stitching. The steel pin buckle is engraved with the brand’s logo. The price is set at CHF 20,000 (excl. taxes), which seems fair for an “independent watch” of this level. The watch is not a limited edition, but the production capacity is expected to be around 30 to 50 watches per year maximum.
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On hand - a selection of reviews

1/
A review of the Shinola Duck the brand’s light-duty, entry-level diver-style watch
2/
Hands-on with the Maen Brooklyn 36 — an unusual panda with a champagne twist
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Watch Worthy - A look at an offbeat, less known watch you might actually like

The Sofia II from Axia Time — high style with some substance
The Sofia II sits somewhere between a dressy and sporty piece, and Axia has sized it accordingly. The diameter of 40.5mm and lug-to-lug length of just under 48mm is a good fit on my 17.75cm (7″) wrist. It perhaps looks even larger than that due to the all-dial design and large polished lug facets. The combination of titanium, a thickness of 10.5mm, and lug tips sitting slightly lower than the case back all help the watch to sit securely and wear comfortably. But this leads to another dichotomy.
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People loved the PRX giveaway! That's why I'm doing a new one. This time, we're giving away three Seiko Alpinists in that lovely green. The giveaway will be ending at the end of the month, so head on over to the newsletter before Wednesday, midnight CET if you would like to enter.
If you would like to receive some additional watch-adjacent content, as well as this news overview, every morning Monday-Friday in the form of a newsletter feel free to subscribe. However, there is absolutely no need for you to subscribe, as all the news from the newsletter is posted here. It is only if you want to receive a couple of daily links that are not strictly watch-related and want to get this news overview in your inbox.
submitted by dreftzg to Watches [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 07:49 Photon_Pharmer Eye of Sauron

Eye of Sauron
This composite image shows the central region of the spiral galaxy NGC 4151, dubbed the "Eye of Sauron" by astronomers for its similarity to the eye of the malevolent character in "The Lord of the Rings". In the "pupil" of the eye, X-rays (blue) from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are combined with optical data (yellow) showing positively charged hydrogen ("H II") from observations with the 1-meter Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope on La Palma. The red around the pupil shows neutral hydrogen detected by radio observations with the NSF's Very Large Array. This neutral hydrogen is part of a structure near the center of NGC 4151 that has been distorted by gravitational interactions with the rest of the galaxy, and includes material falling towards the center of the galaxy. The yellow blobs around the red ellipse are regions where star formation has recently occurred.
Source: NASA
submitted by Photon_Pharmer to spaceporn [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 05:36 Humble-Dentist-9286 Calspa factory direct sale at LA County Fair

Calspa factory direct sale at LA County Fair
Today I purchased a Calspa EC-815B hot tub at the LA County Fair. I believe this is the only factory direct sale since the company is based in Pomona, CA as is the fair. Grand total was $9759 steps and cover included. Let me know if you think this is a good deal! I am really excited to try it out!
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2023.05.29 04:46 scarlet2248 Recommended Wedding Venues by State Part I

Recommended Wedding Venues by State Part I

California Wedding Venues

Carneros Resort and Spa

Located at 4048 Sonoma Hwy, Napa. It has a rustic charm where you can see vineyard views and rolling hills. Also offers a hilltop restaurant with an outdoor venue that can accommodate up to 300 people. Catering, wedding planning, floral arrangements, photography, and other services are available. And the starting price is $200 per person.
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Park Winters

Located at 27850 County Road 26, Winters. This is a five-star wedding venue and estate located in the middle of a farmland. There is a historic inn and event barn. This would be perfect for those who love a natural outdoor wedding surrounded by the beauty of the Blue Mountains. Catering, wedding planning, floral arrangements, photography, and more are available. Prices start at $150 per person and can accommodate up to 200 guests.

Montage Laguna Beach

The address is 30801 South Coast Highway, Laguna Beach. This romantic waterfront venue offers a lush grassy setting looking out over the coastline and blue sky. The largest ballroom has 7,500 square feet of space and can accommodate up to 500 people. Prices start at $250 per person. Services offered include catering, wedding planning, spa, music, and much more.

Oregon Wedding Venues

Sentinel Hotel

Located at 614 SW 11th Ave, Portland. This hotel is housed in a historic downtown building dating back to 1909. There are several exquisite banquet rooms to choose from, ranging from 50 to accommodate up to 900 people. The ballrooms are ornately decorated with elaborate carvings and elegant chandeliers. Prices start at $150 per person. Necessary wedding services are also available.

Mt. Hood Oregon Resort

The location is 68010 East Fairway Avenue, Welches. Which can give you a dream forest wedding surrounded by lush forests and the majestic mountains of Mt. Hood National Forest. Unlike other wedding venues, guided hikes and rafting excursions are available here. There is also a golf course for your use. The largest venue can accommodate up to 400 people. Prices start at $100 per person.

Lakeside Gardens

Located at 16211 SE Foster Rd Portland, Lakeside Gardens offers essential vendors for photography, videography, flowers, DJs, and hair and makeup services. It is surrounded by a lake and offers a natural view of the garden. The largest hospitality venue can accommodate up to 300 people. Prices start at $100 per person.

Washington Wedding Venues

The Edgewater Hotel

The luxury hotel at 2411 Alaskan Way, Seattle, was named "Best Classic Hospitality Venue in the Seattle Area" by Seattle Bride magazine. With views of Elliott Bay, the Olympic Mountains, and the Seattle skyline. The ballroom can accommodate up to 220 guests and prices start at around $200 per person.

Sodo Park

Located at 3200 1st Avenue South, Suite 100 in Seattle. This is a century-old building factory with a different style that makes it very popular in Seattle. The high beams and steamy ceilings make it unique. The entire venue can accommodate up to 300 guests and costs around $150 per person.
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Cedarbrook Lodge

The address is 18525 36th Ave S, Seattle. Here you will find a lush garden setting and luxurious accommodations. Indoor and outdoor hospitality venues are available to choose from, starting at $150 per person.

Arizona Wedding Venues

Boulders Resort & Spa

The address is 34631 N Tom Darlington Dr, Scottsdale. This resort has a fantastic desert and rocky landscape. With open views and the vibrant colors of the desert sky at sunset. Offers a luxurious spa, and outdoor ceremony space. Prices start at $200 per person and can accommodate up to 300 guests.

The Phoenician

Located at 6000 East Camelback Road Scottsdale. There are various styles of venues to choose from, whether it be lush green gardens, sparkling waterfalls, or breathtaking valley views. There are also several sizes of banquet rooms to choose from. Prices start at $250 per person.

Arizona Biltmore

The resort is located at 2400 E. Missouri Ave Phoenix. Nestled among palm trees and mountains. A magical oasis forms at the base of the Phoenix Mountain Reserve, enjoying a tranquil desert setting. There are also two pools available and a total of six wedding venue options for up to 400 people. Starting at $150 per person.

Nevada Wedding Venues

The Venetian

An old-school luxury hotel located at 3355 South Las Vegas Boulevard, it can bring you the most traditional and unique Las Vegas-style wedding. Here you can admire the Italian style of architecture. Featuring indoor and outdoor ceremony spaces, and luxury accommodations. Starting at $200 per person.

Red Rock Casino Resort & Spa

Located at 11011 W Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas. Unlike other luxury hotels, here you have a view of the Red Rock Canyon. The hotel offers five ballrooms and wedding venues that can accommodate up to 300 people. Prices start at $150 per person.

Neon Museum

Want to try something different for your wedding venue? Choose the Neon Museum at 770 Las Vegas Boulevard North, Las Vegas, with its vintage neon signage, outdoor ceremony space, and unique atmosphere. You can take very vintage and fun photos. Prices are $2,500 for a two-hour rental, perfect for smaller weddings.
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Idaho Wedding Venues

Boise Depot

Located at 2603 W Eastover Terrace, Boise. This is a historic Spanish-style building that was once used as a waiting room with the building. 8-hour rental is $1,455 and can accommodate a minimum of 165 people. It is important to note that government-owned venues like this have strict rules of use. So it is best to check carefully before renting.
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Chateau des Fleur

The French-style building at 176 S. Rosebud Ln, Eagle. The largest ballroom features ivory walls, beautiful windows, an outdoor exit to the garden, gold chandeliers, and delicate gold wall sconces. Seating for up to 240 guests starts at $100 per person.

Still Water Hollow

Located at 18120 Dean Ln, Nampa. Has a rustic style and offers brand new indoor barn facilities. Tables and chairs for 150 people, pond with waterfall, fountain, and bridge. Rustic and elegant style venues can be designed for different styles of weddings. 12-hour rentals start at $5,500.

Utah Wedding Venues

Castle Park

A full-service event venue located at 110 South Main Street Lindon. Featuring an old castle-style building with outdoor ceremony space. Starting at $5,500 for a 12-hour rental. Catering, wedding planning, and other services are also available.

Red Butte Garden

Magnificent gardens at 300 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City. With expansive views of mountains, valleys, and gardens, offering a beautiful backdrop of plants. There are also waterfalls, ponds, and many more beautiful spaces. We recommend coming during the growing season of the plants which is the warmer months. This allows for a ceremony to be held in the stunning rose garden. Four-hour rentals from $2,500.

Log Haven

Located at 6451 E. Millcreek Canyon Road Salt Lake City has a spectacular mountain wedding and reception venue. With countless natural features and waterfalls, the area also offers activities including skiing, hiking, biking, and golfing. Prices are affordable, with menu pricing starting at $32 per person.

Montana Wedding Venues

Chico Hot Springs

Located at 163 Chico Road Pray, Montana, this is a great year-round destination for weddings in Montana. Offering a variety of natural beauty and architectural features. Besides the historic stone houses, there are also mountain views. You can also soak in the hot springs to relieve the fatigue from the ceremony after a long day. Four-hour rentals start at $2,000.

Rockin' TJ Ranch

The address is 651 Lynx Ln, Bozeman, with unparalleled views of the Bridger Mountains and open meadows. This wedding venue has been a professional wedding service for 20 years and offers full-service planning. Basic venue packages start at $9,495.

The Ranch at Rock Creek

Located at 79 Carriage House Ln, Philipsburg, this large ranch allows the exploration of five mountain peaks. Find nature's rest and inspiration in the peaceful, storied West. It is also the world's first Forbes Travel Guide 5-star ranch. With ten square miles of rivers, forests, valleys, and vistas.
Of course, this luxury experience comes with a hefty price tag. Charters start at $90,000 per night for groups of 21 or more, plus 23% of the ranch fee.

Wyoming Wedding Venues

Jackson Lake Lodge

Located in Moran, Grand Teton National Park, this is a beautiful lodge less than five minutes from Jackson Lake. Known for its iconic views of the Teton Mountains. It is a must-see venue for couples who love nature. Because of its location within the National Park, Jackson Lake Lodge is open seasonally from mid-May to early October. Rates start at $150 per person.

Shooting Star Jackson Hole Golf Club

The address is Shooting Star, 6765 Crystal Springs Rd, Teton Village. In addition to the golf course view, a pond, lake, or stream is one of the beautiful views. Starting price is $200 per person.

Wyoming Stargazing

Are you an astronomy enthusiast? Check out the Stargazing Agency located at 1135 Maple Way G1, Jackson. Their wedding packages include the opportunity to learn about the constellations, planets, and the fascinating stories behind them. Stargazing tour leaders will guide the group through the night sky, answering questions and gaining insight into the beauty of the stars. This will be one of the most unique themed weddings guests have ever attended. Prices start at $175 a person.

Colorado Wedding Venues

Boettcher Mansion

Located at 900 Colorow Rd, Golden's premier historic event venue, the Boettcher Mansion offers unparalleled service in a meticulously maintained estate. Along with the beautiful mansion, there are mountain views for you to enjoy. The ballroom can accommodate up to 150 people with six-hour rentals starting at $3,500.

Butterfly Pavilion

The Butterfly Pavilion at 6252 W 104th Ave, Westminster can turn your wedding into a fairy tale. Offering outdoor venues such as gazebos, gardens, and a theater. There is also a popular and unique butterfly release ceremony. It is important to note that there are a variety of butterflies and plants, so please treat them with care. The minimum venue rental is $1,800.

Great Divide Brewing Company

Great Divide Brewing Company, located at 1812 35th St, Denver, allows you to host a beer wedding. Up to 75 guests can be accommodated so they will be in the middle of a keg. The atmosphere will be more relaxed and enjoyable, and a bar and drinks, planning, equipment, and servers will be provided. Rentals are for 6 hours and start at $3000.

New Mexico Wedding Venues

La Fonda on the Plaza

The hotel at 100 E San Francisco St, Santa Fe has a long history as well as a cultural background. It can provide an elegant atmosphere for your wedding, with unique hand-carved furniture in each room. There are four ballrooms to choose from, with authentic New Mexican décor. This includes charming fireplaces, hand-punched pewter chandeliers, and traditional terracotta tiles. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $4,000.

Loretto Chapel

Located at 207 Old Santa Fe Trail, Santa Fe's Museum of Historic Places is perfect for weddings. Accommodating 139 guests, the interior of the chapel features original stained glass windows and an ornate altar. In particular, the church's famous spiral staircase is the star of many articles and is worth a look. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $2,500 and services include the use of the church and wedding coordinator.
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Albuquerque Balloon Museum

This is the hot air balloon museum located at 9201 Balloon Museum Dr. NE, Albuquerque. It offers soaring spaces and panoramic views of the Rio Grande Valley and the Sandia Mountains. The museum features displays of hot air balloons of all colors and eras, including a weather lab. The price to rent the entire museum and North Plaza for six hours is $6,000.

North Dakota Wedding Venues

Red River Zoo

The Zoo at 4255 23rd Ave S, Fargo will be the most interesting wedding venue. The zoo is home to animals such as red pandas, gray wolves, and Pallas cats. There is plenty of space for outdoor weddings as well as indoor receptions, and a carousel is available in one of the venues. Saturday weddings start at $1,500 and services include tables, chairs, and access to the zoo exhibits.

The North Dakota Heritage Center

The address is 612 E Boulevard Ave, Bismarck. The museum showcases the state's rich history from its earliest geological formations to the present day. Offering a variety of indoor spaces, including galleries and a theater, it provides a unique and educational wedding experience. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $1,500.
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Avalon Events Center

Prefer a more modern style wedding? The Event Center at 2525 9th Ave S, Fargo, while historic, offers five function rooms and new audio technology. Five ballrooms offer seating for up to 700 people and a full bar. Saturday weddings start at $2,000.

South Dakota Wedding Venues

Chapel in the Hills

The church at 3788 Chapel Ln, Rapid City is a place of beauty and inspiration. There are museums, trails, and hillsides to host services. Weddings are performed by the Chapel's pastor and it is open for weddings from May 1 to September 30 each year. The price is $400 for the use of the chapel and courtyard area. This includes a $100 minister's fee.
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The Lodge at Deadwood

The address is 100 Pine Crest Lane, Deadwood and the backdrop will be the beautiful Black Hills. With four adjoining event rooms and the main ballroom, it provides the perfect space for weddings of any size. Wedding packages are available at a variety of prices, with the least expensive buffet package starting at $65 per person for a minimum of 100 people.

Buffalo Ridge Resort

A rustic resort located at 1312 Coteau St, Gary. Offers charming and historic wedding venues including a restored barn and beautiful chapel. The venue can accommodate up to 300 people and prices start at $4,500 for a Saturday wedding.

Nebraska Wedding Venues

Scoular Ballroom

The Ballroom at 2027 Dodge St, Omaha, is located just minutes from downtown. Located in the historic Scoular building, from the grand Italian marble floors of the atrium to the romantic balcony overlooking the spacious and inviting ballroom. Offering a modern and elegant wedding venue with a grand ballroom and beautiful outdoor terrace. Accommodates up to 300 guests and starts at $4,000 for a Saturday wedding.

Rococo Theatre

The theater at 140 N 13th St, Lincoln can give you a movie-like wedding. The theater has seating for up to 500 guests. The bride and groom can get married on stage while the guests sit in the first few rows of seats. Saturday weddings start at $2,500.

The Barn at the Ackerhurst Dairy Farm

Located at 15220 Military Rd, Bennington, this is an Omaha landmark and a historic site in the area. This wedding venue can accommodate up to 450 guests and includes an outdoor ceremony space and a large terrace with a fireplace. Off-season wedding rental rates start at $2,500.

Kansas Wedding Venues

Madison Avenue Central Park

Central Park at 512 E Madison Ave, Derby features a lawn, theater, and playground. And in the southwest corner, there is an event center including an indoor reception and outdoor patio. Accommodating up to 370 people, rates start at $800 for an 8-hour rental.

Petroleum Club of Wichita

The address is 100 N Broadway St 900, Wichita. this is a rooftop wedding venue located on top of the iconic Ruffin Building. With views of the skyline and city, it offers personalized service and beautiful décor. Wedding venue fees start at $4500.

The Oread Hotel

Located at 1200 Oread Ave, Lawrence, the hotel has two large outdoor patios. The patio overlooks the city and the Kansas River. There are nine different banquet rooms to choose from, the largest of which can seat up to 275 people. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $4,000.

Oklahoma Wedding Venues

The Dominion House

The main house is located at 602 E. College, Guthrie. The boutique hotel offers both intimate and grand wedding packages, including romantic indoor and outdoor venues. The outdoors includes a wedding garden and a four-season chapel, while the grand ballroom is designed in the opulent style of the 1920s. Wedding packages start at $2,000.

Glass Chapel

This is an intimate wedding venue located at 1401 West Washington St S, Broken Arrow. This chapel offers a unique and romantic wedding venue with a beautiful glass chapel and outdoor garden. The triangular roof and all-glass walls will make you feel like you are in a fairy tale world. Outside, the gardens and woods complement the modern design. The church can accommodate up to 100 guests and wedding packages start from $2450.

The Springs Event Venue

This is a wedding planning company that offers multiple venues. Event venues are located in various cities throughout Oklahoma, including Edmond, Norman, and Tulsa. Versatile and affordable wedding venues are available with a variety of indoor and outdoor spaces. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $3,950.

Texas Wedding Venues

Grand Galvez

This is a historic hotel located at 2024 Seawall Blvd, Galveston. The hotel is surrounded by lush gardens, expansive green spaces, and sparkling beaches. An indoor ballroom and terrace are included, and the ballroom features floor-to-ceiling windows with views of the bay. Up to 200 guests can be accommodated for a great wedding service. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $10,000.

The Bell Tower on 34th

This beautiful clock tower is located at 901 W 34th St, Houston, and has a castle-like interior with a magnificent grand staircase, arches, and marble floors. Every aspect of the building is luxurious. Wedding packages are available on an all-inclusive basis, with prices starting at $10,000 for a Saturday wedding.

The Oasis on Lake Travis

This restaurant is located at 6550 Comanche Trail, Austin.Along with an event center located 450 feet above Lake Travis, offering unparalleled views. An outdoor patio overlooking the lake is available. Up to 400 guests can be accommodated and prices start at $5,000 for Saturday weddings.

Minnesota Wedding Venues

The Gale Mansion

This mansion at 2115 Stevens Ave, Minneapolis is also a very popular wedding venue. With a warm atmosphere and inviting decor, it offers an elegant and convenient space to host the wedding of your choice. 12 hours of rental costs a total of $5,700 including the rental of the mansion and ballroom.

The Outpost Center

The address is 6053 US-212, Chaska. Built on 32 acres of rolling hills and woodlands, it is a beautiful and peaceful venue close to the city. The main venue's red facade and green roof create an oil painting-like backdrop. It has the ambiance of a barn wedding with all the amenities and gorgeous rustic grounds. Wedding packages start at $4675 for 50 guests.

Nicollet Island Pavilion

The event venue at 40 Power Street, Minneapolis is full of unique charm and style. Exposed brick walls and tall industrial ceilings create an open atmosphere full of character. You can have the best views of the Minneapolis bridges and skyline at this venue. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $3,500.

Iowa Wedding Venues

Brenton Arboretum

This is a botanical garden located at 25141 260th St, Dallas Center. It has approximately 2,500 plants representing more than 500 different species, cultivars, and hybrids. Offers great outdoor views and can accommodate up to 300 people. Saturday weddings start at $2,500 and services include access to the gardens and a wedding coordinator.

The Temple for Performing Arts

Located at 1011 Locust Street, Des Moines, it offers a large auditorium, recital hall, and suites for weddings. The Grand Hall can accommodate up to 450 people and features a tinted glass skylight and a magnificent original light fixture and a sculpted ceiling. High-season wedding receptions start at $4000 for the venue.

Figge Art Museum

The Art Museum at 225 W 2nd St, Davenport. The museum's lobby can accommodate 200 guests and has a modern design with high ceilings and terrazzo floors. The striking river view offers countless possibilities. The outdoor terrace provided also offers a magnificent view of the Mississippi River. The rental fee for the lobby is $2,500.
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Missouri Wedding Venues

Lemp Mansion

Located at 3322 Demenil Pl, St. Louis, this mansion was once the home of a beer magnate but was the site of three suicides. It has since been turned into a restaurant and hotel, offering historical and ghost tours. The mansion has four sites, including a mansion, terrace, auditorium, and loft. Ceremony fees range from $950-$1900 and meals start at roughly $47 per person.

Jewel Box

The public gardening facility in Saint Louis is made of glass plates and copper frames. It has a variety of flowers and plants and is filled with bright sunlight perfect for wedding photography. It can accommodate up to 250 people as a ceremony venue and costs $1,000.
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Wild Carrot

Located at 3901 Shaw Blvd, St. Louis, with indoor hospitality space and loft and terrace. Includes renovated industrial building and outdoor patio. Prices for Saturday weddings start at $4,000 and can accommodate up to 200 people.

Arkansas Wedding Venues

Castle on Stagecoach

This is an old castle located at 6601 Stagecoach Rd, Little Rock. Offering intimate indoor spaces, the castle's unique architecture and décor provide an elegant and luxurious setting. The venue includes a lawn, barn, and stables. Prices start at $6,673 for 50 guests.

The Brick Ballroom

The event space at 119 B S Broadway St, Siloam Springs, was formerly a Chevrolet dealership. The building is 100 years old. Inside are black walls and original tin ceilings, vintage glass chandeliers, blue benches, and a built-in bar with a sink. There are also 5,000 square feet of covered balconies and gardens. The starting venue fee for a high-season wedding is $3,000.

Osage House

Located at 243 Pace Ln, Cave Springs, offers a beautiful and modern wedding venue. The venue is suitable for couples seeking minimalism, with architectural designs mostly in black and white. A chapel will be located a short distance from the lobby and included in the wedding package. With a maximum capacity of 428 people, wedding venue rentals start at $2800 in high season.

Louisiana Wedding Venues

The Elms Mansion

Located at 3029 St Charles Ave, New Orleans, the mansion is a typical Italianate-style building. It features an imported hand-carved marble mantel, decorative cornices, 24-carat gold sconces, and a 48-foot ballroom. Accommodates up to 400 people and starts at $4,500 for a Saturday wedding.

The Presbytère

This museum is located at 751 Chartres St, New Orleans, and has a rich history. A collection of elaborate carnival artifacts and memorabilia. You can hold a ceremony among the beautiful exhibits and rich artifacts and enjoy a fun evening with your family. Accommodates up to 500 guests, starting at $6,590 for 50 guests.

Race + Religious

It is located at 510 Race Street, New Orleans, and has three buildings with brick courtyards filled with greenery. The hotel has 4,000 square feet of indoor and outdoor event space on the ground floor. Dinner parties can accommodate up to 90 people, and prices start at $7,500 for Saturday weddings.

Alaska Wedding Venues

Alyeska Resort

This is a leisurely resort located at 1000 Arlberg Ave, Girdwood. is Alaska's premier year-round destination. Featuring more than 300 guest rooms, many fine dining experiences, a saltwater pool, a ski hill, and bike park, and a brand-new Nordic Spa. The ballroom can accommodate up to 220 guests. Reception rentals range from $500 to $1,000 and include five hours of event time.

The Alaska Zoo

The Alaska Zoo is located at 4731 O'Malley Rd, Anchorage. Inside are animals such as polar bears, wolves, snow leopards, and other rare species. The zoo has very spacious halls and lawns and a bright greenhouse. Hospitality hall rentals start at $800. Lawn rentals start at $1,450. Greenhouse rentals start at $675.

Hotel Captain Cook

Old fashioned hotel located at 939 W 5th Ave, Anchorage. One of the meeting and function rooms has a stunning panoramic view and fireplace. Panoramic views of the Chugach Mountains and Cook Inlet. Accommodates up to 600 guests and Saturday weddings start at approximately $5,000.

Hawaii Wedding Venues

Haiku Mill

The address is 250 Haiku Rd, Haiku, a unique European-style building amid Maui's lush surroundings. With over 150 years of history, it is an important landmark. A quaint and beautiful ceremony can be created. The venue can accommodate up to 100 people and prices start at $6,500 for a Saturday wedding.

Kauapea Beach

Also known as Secret Beach, has a 3,000-foot-long North Shore beach. Enjoy a sparsely populated stretch of beach with breathtaking views of Moquawe Island and Kilauea Lighthouse. Perfect for your seaside wedding venue. You can look for the right wedding contractor to prepare everything for you and prices will probably range from $800 to $1500.

Moana Surfrider

The resort is located at 2365 Kalākaua Ave, Honolulu. First opened in 1901, it is just steps from the perfect shores of legendary Waikiki Beach and within walking distance of Honolulu's most popular shopping, dining, and entertainment attractions. There are seven event rooms in total, and the ballroom can accommodate up to 300 people. Wedding packages range in price from $3,500 to $9,500.

To be continued

After introducing the most popular and unique wedding venues in the western and central states, we will continue to cover the wedding venues in the eastern states. Stay tuned for part two of our wedding venue recommendations. In the meantime, if you choose an outdoor wedding venue, check out our multi-sized, stylized wedding tent. it will ensure that your outdoor wedding is not disturbed by the weather.
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2023.05.29 04:02 MurphyCoDinoWrangler Are these islands named the Canary Islands because the chain makes a canary shape like a constellation of stars?

Are these islands named the Canary Islands because the chain makes a canary shape like a constellation of stars? submitted by MurphyCoDinoWrangler to geography [link] [comments]

2023.05.29 03:13 liebestraumes [USA-CA] [H] Rest of Collection: Pokemon, Ace Attorney, Shin Megami Tensei, Yu-Gi-Oh!, JRPGs for DS, 3DS, GBA + PS4 [W] PayPal

Selling off a majority of what was left of my collection. Items are all adult-owned from a smoke and pet free home. Feel free to ask for any additional photos.
I'm also looking to purchase: Persona 5 Strikers (Switch), THEATRHYTHM Final Bar Premium Digital Deluxe, Final Fantasy Pixel Remaster Collection I-VI (Switch) if anyone has any of those available.
Payment is through PayPal F&F.
https://imgur.com/a/RuLGpKy
https://imgur.com/a/2xUZeG4
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Switch:
Code: Realize, Guardian of Rebirth (Collector's Edition, SEALED) - $90
Cytus Alpha (Launch Edition) - $60
Danganronpa Decadence (Collectors Edition, SEALED) - $125
LA Noire (SEALED) - $45
Root Letter Last Answer (Day One Edition, SEALED) - $45
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DS:
999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors (bought from Aksys booth at Anime Expo a long time ago, was given the alternate cover art with purchase) - $135
Ace Attorney: Apollo Justice - $45
Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth - $75
Cooking Mama 3 Shop & Chop - $15
Crafting Mama - $15
Final Fantasy The 4 Heroes of Light - $50
Maplestory DS (JPN) - $35
Nodame Cantabile (JPN) - $20
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - $30
Phoenix Wright Ace Attorney: Justice For All - $40
Phoenix Wright Ace Attorney: Trials and Tribulations - $30
Phoenix Wright Ace Attorney: Trials and Tribulations (Cart Only) - $18
Princess Debut - $60
Super Mario 64 DS - $30
Shin Megami Tensei Strange Journey (Launch Edition) - $95
Style Savvy - $25
The World Ends With You - $45
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5DS Stardust Accelerator World Championship 2009 (NO MANUAL) - $28
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3DS:
Animal Crossing Happy Home Designer - $23
Bravely Default - $40
Cooking Mama Sweet Shop - $28
Corpse Party Back to School Edition - $150
Fire Emblem Awakening - $45
Fire Emblem Conquest - $45
Luigi's Mansion Dark Moon - $15
Mario Kart 7 - $20
Miitopia - $25
Naruto Powerful Shipuden (Spine has spelling error, "NARTUO") - $40
Pokemon X - $35
Pokemon Y - $35
Pokemon Alpha Sapphire - $45
Pokemon Omega Ruby - $45
Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright Ace Attorney - $180
Radiant Historia: Perfect Chronology (Launched Edition, SEALED) - $185
Rune Factory 4 - $30
Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Survivor Overclocked - $60
Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Survivor 2 Record Breaker (Launch Edition, SEALED) - $140
Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Summoner Soul Hackers (Launch Edition, SEALED) - $185
Shin Megami Tensei IV (Collector's Edition) - $145
Shin Megami Tensei Strange Journey Redux (SEALED) - $85
Stella Glow (Cart Only) - $45
Style Savvy Fashion Forward - $125
Style Savvy Trendsetters - $28
Theatrhythm Final Fantasy Curtain Call - $20
Yokai Watch (Sealed) - $30
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GBA:
Barbie 12 Dancing Princesses - $5
Cartoon Network Collection, GBA Video - $8 each
Disney's Party - $8
Frogger's Adventures - $5
Golden Sun - $45
Kirby and the Amazing Mirror - $45
Mario Party Advance - $25
Pokemon Emerald - $170
Yu-Gi-Oh! 7 Trials of Glory - $12
Yu-Gi-Oh! Destiny Board Traveler - $5
Yu-Gi-Oh! Dungeon Dice Monsters (Label damage) - $10
Yu-Gi-Oh! Reshef of Destruction - $12
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Eternal Duelist Soul (x2) - $10
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Sacred Cards (with manual) - $12
Yu-Gi-Oh! Ultimate Masters World Championship 2006 - $28
Yu-Gi-Oh! World Championship Tournament 2004 - $10
Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel (label damage) - $8
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Duel Academy - $28
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PSP:
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5DS Tag Force 5 (Damaged Case) - $45
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PS4:
Final Fantasy VII Remake, Deluxe Edition (SEALED) - $70
PlayStation 4 500 GB Console - $165 shipped, includes two controllers and all cables.
submitted by liebestraumes to GameSale [link] [comments]