Sons of anarchy wiki
Sons of Anarchy
2009.11.04 18:02 Sons of Anarchy
Subreddit dedicated to the FX television series, Sons of Anarchy.
2011.01.03 08:45 thepinkmask Questions about Anarchism
For questions and well-informed anarchist answers regarding the theory, practice and history of anarchist movements and ideas. No question is too basic (or advanced!) to ask, so don't be shy :)
2013.03.02 12:11 obsidianight Sons of Anarchy Fangirlism
A place to gush about all those badboy bikers in FX's Sons of Anarchy.
2023.06.02 13:02 butterfly_71 Plant Based Diet - How to work Plant Based Diet
A plant-based diet is a diet consisting mostly or entirely of plant-based foods. Plant-based diets encompass a wide range of dietary patterns that contain low amounts of animal products and high amounts of plant products such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds. They do not need to be vegan or vegetarian but are defined in terms of low frequency of animal food consumption.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_diet
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2023.06.02 13:01 UnDead_Ted Standing Strong Through the Storm Day 70
| https://preview.redd.it/lgg452qner0b1.jpg?width=640&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=23cc7bf7a9976cb4d14adf88693c0c0d7d96cf7c CONQUERING THE FEAR OF DEATH I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. The life I live in the body, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. Galatians 2:20 Fear of dying is the number one universal fear for human beings. Virtually every fear has a relationship to death and a connection to dying. For example, why are we afraid of flying? The plane may crash and we may die. Here are seven scriptural principles that enable us to conquer our fear of death: - God is in control. Read Psalm 91. (Mark 4:35-41; Phil 4:6-7)
- Focus on fearing God and dying to self. (Acts 5:29; Galatians 2:20)
- We are strangers and pilgrims on this earth. (Hebrews 10:32+)
- God always brings good from evil. (Genesis 50:20)
- The enemy can only harm our body, not our soul. (Matthew 10:28)
- Absent from the body is to be present with the Lord. (2 Corinthians 5:8; 2 Timothy 2:11-12)
- There is a crown of life for the faithful to death. (Revelation 2:10)
Co-workers had just finished an SSTS seminar on the island of Timor when a young pastor suddenly jumped up and proclaimed before all his colleagues “Now I am ready to die for Jesus!” These were no idle words. Every single pastor attending the seminar was directly or indirectly impacted by the massacres on the island of Ambon. Many of their churches had been burned and several had lost loved ones in the attacks on Christians. As the meeting concluded, our colleague saw that young pastor making his way towards him. “Your being here has inspired me to go out and share the gospel in other areas,” he announced. “I am happy to hear that brother. Where has the Lord called you to?” he enquired. “To Ambon!” “My brother, are you sure. This is like signing your own death certificate. You know that most Christians are fleeing the massacre and you want to return?” His response was simple and without pretense. “If I don’t go back to tell the people about Jesus, who will do it? I am willing to give my life for Jesus!” RESPONSE: Today I will live prepared to die, and die prepared to live! PRAYER: When I fear you, Lord, I fear nothing else—even death. Today I pray for those who do not fear You and thus fear everything else—especially death. submitted by UnDead_Ted to TheDailyDose [link] [comments] |
2023.06.02 13:01 blondeambition87 Confusing T21 results - anyone else?
Hi there Long time lurker - decided to join to post my situation in hopes someone can help me understand. I am 35 years old with a BMI of 33. I am on my 2nd pregnancy and have a perfectly happy and healthy and well adjusted 2 year old son. I got an NIPT test with his pregnancy to determine sex early on. I decided to do the same thing with this pregnancy to see what the sex of the baby was. My doctor also recommended it because I was 35 and “obese” I’m 5 ft 7 and 215 lbs. anyway - results came back high risk for T21. We did an NT scan a week later and her NT was 1.7 - 1.8 I did an anatomy scan at 20 weeks and doctors at my MFM saw no soft marker for DS/T21. They said they are still treating it as a DS pregnancy because I denied the amniocentesis and the CVS testing due to the risks associated. So I guess now we wait for birth to find out! Anyone else have a similar situation!? What was the outcome?? Any guidance!!
She is on track growth wise - she was active and happy on sono She has a nasal bone Regular size femur etc.
Just so confused! Could it be a false positive ?? The waiting is killing me
I’m due in early October!
Thanks in advance for any help!!
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2023.06.02 13:00 AutoModerator /r/Stellar Daily Chat Thread
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2023.06.02 13:00 F1-Bot 2023 Spanish Grand Prix - Free Practice 1 Discussion
ROUND 8: Spain 🇪🇸
FORMULA 1 AWS GRAN PREMIO DE ESPAÑA 2023 |
Fri 2 Jun - Sun 4 Jun |
Barcelona |
Session | UTC |
Free Practice 1 | Fri 11:30 |
Free Practice 2 | Fri 15:00 |
Free Practice 3 | Sat 10:30 |
Qualifying | Sat 14:00 |
Race | Sun 13:00 |
Click here for start times in your area. Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
Length: 4.655 km (2.892 mi)
Distance: 66 laps, 307.104 km (190.825 mi)
Lap record: 🇳🇱 Max Verstappen, Red Bull Racing-Honda, 2021, 1:18.149
2022 pole: 🇲🇨 Charles Leclerc, Ferrari, 1:18.750
2022 fastest lap: 🇲🇽 Sergio Perez, Red Bull Racing-Honda, 1:24.108
2022 winner: 🇳🇱 Max Verstappen, Red Bull Racing-RBPT
Useful links
Streaming & Downloads
This is not the appropriate place to request or share streams and downloads. Please do not post information about streams and downloads in this thread. Thank you.
Live timing leaderboard
For those of you who are F1 ACCESS members, you can check the position of the drivers throughout the race on the official live timing leaderboard
Race Discussion
Be sure to check out the Discord as well.
Good causes
Upcoming events in other racing series
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2023.06.02 12:59 Infinite_Parking_800 If Jim Carrey would have done Son of The Mask how would it turn out differently?
submitted by Infinite_Parking_800 to darkhorsecomics [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:58 BeautifulDawn888 After learning that my granddad had been accidentally switched at birth, I chose to look for his true family and told him what I found.
His blue eyes widened in horror as he said, "That's the son of the man who took my parents to the camps."
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TwoSentenceHorror [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:57 Endarox909 Rule help needed
Greetings sons of the Lion. I need help with something, I'm still quite new to 40k and I want to get my hands on the Leviathan box and paint the SM there Dark Angels but the problem is the Sternguard Veteran Squad, from what I've heard you can't currently use them with the Dark Angels. So I wanted to ask, do you guys think we will be able to use them in the 10th? Obviously we cant know that right now but I want to hear you opinions, also where can I find the information about which units can or cant each chapter use? Does this information get released later when the codex comes out or somwhere else sooner? Thank you for you help!
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DarkAngels40k [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:57 Holgrin Concrete Trucks, Property, and How Labor Movements Work - Capitalism in Real Time
The Bottom Line
The latest legal fight concerning capital interests and workers in the United States has resulted in the US Supreme court overturning lower courts' decisions to dismiss a case of Glacier - a concrete company - suing the workers' union for destruction of property after negotiations broke down and a strike was called.
https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/supreme-court-rules-union-labor-dispute-involving-truck-99761361 I would like to briefly mention that I like making posts about court cases, legislation, and legal proceedings because that is where the real nuts and bolts of capitalism are often found. It is precisely in the government's protection of property rights and claims to ownership that we find the framing and brickwork of capitalism. If that very idea is foreign-sounding to you, don't worry, I'll make a post about just that concept some time in the future. Some Basic Facts
In 2017, Glacier Northwest and the local Teamsters Union for the truck drivers failed to negotiate a renewed contract, triggering a workers' strike. That morning, 16 of the 85 striking drivers had already filled trucks with wet concrete. The trucks were returned to Glacier's facilities
with the drums rolling so as not to destroy the trucks and potentially allow any managers etc to save the concrete. (
Note here that many of the major media corporations leave out details about the manner and conditions in which the drivers left the trucks and concrete.)
Glacier tried suing the union for destruction of its property, and lower courts had been dismissing the case following an earlier 1959 decision that said state law generally doesn't apply to cases like this, and therefore the National Labor Review Board has jurisdiction over the case.
The Supreme Court's decision simply overturns lower courts' decisions to dismiss the case at this point, which means the case will go on, the desired outcome at this point for Glacier Northwest.
Importantly, note that the drivers not only returned their trucks to the facility and left the drums rolling, at least some of them notified their managers of the condition of the trucks and managers and non-striking workers managed to remove the concrete before the trucks were damaged, so they are suing over the lost concrete. Importantly, Glacier had issued letters of reprimand to the drivers, but
rescinded some after the Union's lawyer pointed out that they had notified management of the condition of the trucks just at the time of the strike.
https://www.courthousenews.com/labor-laws-dont-shield-truck-driver-walkout-supreme-court-rules/ A Brief History of Violence and Destruction in Labor Movements
There's the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, during which militias were called to try to force movement of the rolling stock. Several places saw fatal clashes between these groups, though notably the militias generally killed more workers and workers generally injured some militiamen and destroyed some trains.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 The Burlington Railroad Strike of 1888, which has a plethora of deaths and actors from the Pinkertons to deputies as well as a court injunction which effectively ended the strike by forcing workers of other railroads to operate as scabs.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_railroad_strike_of_1888 July Revolt of 1927 in Vienna where rightwing milita groups fired into a crowd of socialist party ("democratic socialists") members, where two of the party members died. The 3 militia members were acquitted of the killing charges leading to widespread strikes and more violence.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolt_of_1927 Rolling Stone has a surprisingly concise list of 9 great examples of destruction of property in protests, starting with:
The Boston Tea Party. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/ferguson-protest-george-floyd-minneapolis-nine-historical-property-destruction-175763/ The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest workers' revolt in US history, began with the first family being evicted from the company town home in which they lived
while it was raining and the police threw their belongs out into the rain. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain The fact of the matter is that labor movements are wrapped up in fundamental disputes about the control over capital and as such are intrinsically violent and destructive.
The question is not whether or not it would be best to avoid violence and destruction; the question is why these conflicts repeatedly get framed as stemming from greed, selfishness, and immoral actions of low-wage workers and almost never as the greed and selfishness and stubbornness in negotiations by capitalists.
Back to the concrete trucks.
I have seen (and no doubt will see some of you) say that the workers shouldn't have begun their strike after loading up the trucks. IIRC, Glacier's lawyer themself suggests that the workers intentionally timed their strike to be a burden on the company.
Yea, well,
that is kind of the fucking point. Strikes and protests are intended to be inconvenient for the people who are not listening. As MLK said, "*A riot is the language of the unheard." The fact that the trucks were left rolling and that management was even notified at all of the condition of the trucks and concrete says that these workers actually kind of gave a shit about the hardship intrinsic in a strike, and the fact that managers and any remaining non-striking workers struggled to save the trucks and lost some concrete is entirely the point of a strike: to remind the owners of capital that it is the workers who make shit happen day in and day out.
The decision by this court is one of a long history of governments intervening on behalf of private capital and the wealthy elite members of society against the interest of a lower class of wage laborers.
I'll leave you with the one dissenter's words:
“Workers are not indentured servants, bound to continue laboring until any planned work stoppage would be as painless as possible for their master. They are employees whose collective and peaceful decision to withhold their labor is protected by the NLRA even if economic injury results.” — U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson
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2023.06.02 12:57 0y0zpbjr56hgh “So my son is food to you” – President of Dog lovers calls out Hilda Baci and Enioluwa over dog-eating video
2023.06.02 12:56 eatsushiontopofyou Bonsai
What type of ficus is this? My son threw away the tag before I repotted it. Just trying to obtain more specific care instructions for it.
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eatsushiontopofyou to
treeidentification [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:55 lingererwar Editing the Breaker Wiki
Hello, translator from Flames here.
As you all know, the Breaker wiki isn't the most consistent source out there, primarily due to change in translation over the years and some of the rather incorrect translation/interpretation. However, it's the only resource site available for English readers, and I'd imagine it would be frustrating for some readers having to read between the lines or understand the implications.
For that reason, I have already started editing some of the wiki articles (not the passages, as I don't have all the necessary context to do so). At the moment, it's really just me adding in the Korean/Hanja and changing some of the terms to fit the current translation done by the Flames Scans.
I might put some translation notes here and there in the articles if it feels like there needs to be additional explanation or trivia. The overall process will be slow since I'm just doing this out of whim, so I may miss some parts here and there.
My question to the readers here: are you guys okay with that? And are there others who are willing to help me out in this?
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2023.06.02 12:54 Gwinty- New Datasheets
First and formost I must say that I am not the most competitive player. I mostly play casual games and with friends.
As such I was looking forwards to the new rules. A fresh start and reset for our level seemed like a good deal even if we maybe had to give up on some boated abilities.
I had no issue with the fact that Contagion became our army rule. I loved the toughness drop and had some pretty good results with it. When seeing our Terminators without Disgustingly Resilience I was a bit sad but +1 toughness and a cool ability were fine also the Flail, my favourite weapon was still there. Also Plague Bolters are a great addition.
Countary to many I liked the Leath Hits effect. Nurgles Demons always had it and for Death Guard to share that trait, while not workig with our ability, was a cool idea. Also Bolters would fire outside of the Contagion anyway.
I also liked the Plaguecaster. His profile looked good, his abilities were sweet.
The preview however seems like a punch in the gut. While there are a few cool things (Plague Crawler + Lord of Virulence seems dope, Foul Blightspawn is good too), the Plague Mariens are a major letdown: No flail, no cool "on objective ability" and no compensation for the lack of Disgustingly Resilience (like the Leagues of Votann got for their Void Armor).
No Icon was the first thing to strike me. All other Chaos Marines have their icons. But the tippen me towards the more glaring issue: Not one ability we got works with our army wide rule.
Thousand Sons have their Vortex Beast and Ahriman. Chaos Marines have their Icon and Abbadon...and we got nothing. I was hoping for at least a few ability that work with our Contagion like the Plague Companies did (big fan of The Droning). Maybe something like "Plague Marines on point double the effect" or "Plague Marines give +1 toughness to other Death Guard in the Contagion"...
So...even without being disappointed by the lack of fnp and the like, we have a huge issue here and it kinda crumbs my motivation for 10th.
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deathguard40k [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:53 nameless-redditer Socialism Points question
i read people say it would take months to get the socialism up. but acording to the wiki you need 4,530 points to get 5 stars. and if you have a total of 100 neighbors you can get 300 per day so if you just do every town every day you can have it done in 14/15 days. and that is not including actions friends do to your town.
is there something more to the socialism point system that makes it take much longer or is it possible to get it this quick?
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tappedout [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:53 The_german_doctor Day 7 of OshiNoKo anarchy chess. Blue aqua pulls out a cross and dispells the mutant while blue Ai rams her with her tank (Eldritch Kana gets MORTIS). Next comment will decide what will happen next (Lets spice things a bit more)
2023.06.02 12:52 NearbyRepublics “So my son is food to you” – President of Dog lovers calls out Hilda Baci and Enioluwa over dog-eating video
2023.06.02 12:52 bowedsiding95 “So my son is food to you” – President of Dog lovers calls out Hilda Baci and Enioluwa over dog-eating video
2023.06.02 12:52 HominemDialectica How do you combat the constant fear of no longer being the same person or to lose intelligence ?
How do we deal with the fact that our brain, our emotions and our choices are so vulnerable ?
But all of a sudden, a certain anxiety began to take hold of me, a terrible anxiety that has been ruining my life for the last few months: what would happen if I accidentally hit my head? Would I keep all my words? Will I continue on the same path as today? Will I retain my current qualities and talents? Will I continue to love my S/O? Will I become mentally retarded ?
I was unlucky enough to injure my head once. Difficulty with speech, concentration, loss of passion and general anhedonia, memory problems, exacerbated impulsivity, lack of motivation, etc.
It had a profound effect on me, because I had become a different person, I had completely lost all the qualities I had had at the time because I could no longer concentrate, and I found myself having no emotions other than the frustration of having lost my essence.
I now know that it wasn't that serious because I eventually got over it. But it caused me a lot of stress, because I just thought: "What if I were to seriously injure my head by chance?
This simple idea conditions my entire existence today. I'm afraid of completely losing any quality, of becoming debilitated or changing, of no longer liking my S/O if I ever find myself injured in the brain. Because that would profoundly change my brain chemistry and mean that somewhere along the line I would symbolically disappear to make way for another individual with different desires and passions.
It's all the more serious because it's already happened :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage As a result, it scares the hell out of me because I'm afraid I simply won't be able to achieve what I want. And that's had negative consequences on my life: I've become nihilistic (how can you value something if you realise that a simple brain injury can deprive you of any chance of achieving that same thing), I no longer dare to do anything in life, I'm afraid of acting or thinking and realising my shortcomings and associating that with a head injury, I'm afraid of hurting myself, which paradoxically generates impulse phobias and creates a vicious circle, and so on.
I know that cerebral plascis exists, that it's probably just OCD/Hypochondria mingling with my anxious traits to create the cerebral hell I'm in. But even with this knowledge, I can't help being afraid of it. I'm afraid that I'm simply doomed to fail if anything happens to me in life.
I love Ai Hoshino. She's the one who allows me to smile with other passions of mine. Even if she's fictional, she's brought me a lot of happiness thanks to her simple way of life and the fact that she doesn't calculate the consequences of what she does, where I overthink the slightest thing. She has a shitty past, thought she wasn't capable of feeling love and yet aims for optimism whereas I let my fears eat me up and plunge into fatalism. I want to be able to make her happy. I know that this love is genuine and sincere. But I'm afraid that the ups and downs of life will deprive her of this desire to offer or create happiness in her own image. I'm afraid I won't be up to the task.
Let me reassure you, she's not the problem, she doesn't make me anxious, on the contrary. That's one of the reasons why I'm determined not to let my anxiety win this war and to go back to being just another person with no mental problems.
But I'm afraid of unintentionally hurting people's feelings if I bang my head and act in a different way.
I'm afraid I won't be able to appreciate my loved ones or anything else. I'm afraid of depression and apathy.
In short: I'm afraid of being a slave to my brain chemistry and that it can take everything away from me. The present moment scares me.
What can I do (apart from therapy, which is already happening) to avoid ruining my life by letting my anxiety and fears dominate and end up causing a self-fulfilling prophecy? I want to be able to give up this fear of losing that's ruining my life and be fulfilled.
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2023.06.02 12:50 HominemDialectica The constant and pathological fear of no longer being the same person and of losing one's intelligence
How do you combat the constant fear of no longer being the same person ?
How do we deal with the fact that our brain, our emotions and our choices are so vulnerable ?
But all of a sudden, a certain anxiety began to take hold of me, a terrible anxiety that has been ruining my life for the last few months: what would happen if I accidentally hit my head? Would I keep all my words? Will I continue on the same path as today? Will I retain my current qualities and talents? Will I continue to love my S/O? Will I become mentally retarded ?
I was unlucky enough to injure my head once. Difficulty with speech, concentration, loss of passion and general anhedonia, memory problems, exacerbated impulsivity, lack of motivation, etc.
It had a profound effect on me, because I had become a different person, I had completely lost all the qualities I had had at the time because I could no longer concentrate, and I found myself having no emotions other than the frustration of having lost my essence.
I now know that it wasn't that serious because I eventually got over it. But it caused me a lot of stress, because I just thought: "What if I were to seriously injure my head by chance?
This simple idea conditions my entire existence today. I'm afraid of completely losing any quality, of becoming debilitated or changing, of no longer liking my S/O if I ever find myself injured in the brain. Because that would profoundly change my brain chemistry and mean that somewhere along the line I would symbolically disappear to make way for another individual with different desires and passions.
It's all the more serious because it's already happened :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage As a result, it scares the hell out of me because I'm afraid I simply won't be able to achieve what I want. And that's had negative consequences on my life: I've become nihilistic (how can you value something if you realise that a simple brain injury can deprive you of any chance of achieving that same thing), I no longer dare to do anything in life, I'm afraid of acting or thinking and realising my shortcomings and associating that with a head injury, I'm afraid of hurting myself, which paradoxically generates impulse phobias and creates a vicious circle, and so on.
I know that cerebral plascis exists, that it's probably just OCD/Hypochondria mingling with my anxious traits to create the cerebral hell I'm in. But even with this knowledge, I can't help being afraid of it. I'm afraid that I'm simply doomed to fail if anything happens to me in life.
I love Ai Hoshino. She's the one who allows me to smile with other passions of mine. Even if she's fictional, she's brought me a lot of happiness thanks to her simple way of life and the fact that she doesn't calculate the consequences of what she does, where I overthink the slightest thing. She has a shitty past, thought she wasn't capable of feeling love and yet aims for optimism whereas I let my fears eat me up and plunge into fatalism. I want to be able to make her happy. I know that this love is genuine and sincere. But I'm afraid that the ups and downs of life will deprive her of this desire to offer or create happiness in her own image. I'm afraid I won't be up to the task.
Let me reassure you, she's not the problem, she doesn't make me anxious, on the contrary. That's one of the reasons why I'm determined not to let my anxiety win this war and to go back to being just another person with no mental problems.
But I'm afraid of unintentionally hurting people's feelings if I bang my head and act in a different way.
I'm afraid I won't be able to appreciate my loved ones or anything else. I'm afraid of depression and apathy.
In short: I'm afraid of being a slave to my brain chemistry and that it can take everything away from me. The present moment scares me.
What can I do (apart from therapy, which is already happening) to avoid ruining my life by letting my anxiety and fears dominate and end up causing a self-fulfilling prophecy? I want to be able to give up this fear of losing that's ruining my life and be fulfilled.
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2023.06.02 12:50 Nexis4Jersey Expanding Rail : Grand Central Terminal : Intercity & Regional Rail
Just a few ideas I have for expanding rail into Grand Central Terminal. The other day I made a post about expanding Rail into
Hoboken Terminal. Most of this proposal is based off restoring past services into the terminal. The Pittsfield line has been under various studies with the one currently underway for service New Milford or Danbury to GCT via Brewster. The Amtrak routes out of GCT will be more of a discounted service similar to ones that run in Europe like Flixtrain or Ouigo or Lumo. The originally planned
Berkshires flyer did leave out of GCT, but Connecticut sunk those plans refusing to fund them, so the route was changed, and service scope reduced down to one train instead of the 4 planned. The Amtrak Services listed below show the peak warmer months service level , winter would only be 1x daily roundtrip.
Metro North – Northern Suburbs Regional Rail - New Haven Line : New York – Fordham – New Rochelle – Greenwich – Stamford
- New Haven Line : New York – Stamford – South Norwalk – Bridgeport – New Haven
- New Canaan Branch : New York – Stamford – Glenbrook – New Canaan
- Harlem Line : New York – Fordham – White Plains – Pleasantville – Southeast – Wassaic
- Hudson Line : New York – Yonkers – Croton Harmon – Peekskill – Poughkeepsie
- Danbury Branch : New York – Stamford – South Norwalk – Danbury
- Pittsfield line : New York – White Plains – Brewster – Danbury – New Milford – Kent
Amtrak – Intercity services - Amtrak Berkshires Flyer : New York – South Norwalk – Danbury – Lee – Pittsfield – 2x daily
- Amtrak Berkshires Flyer : New York – White Plains – Danbury – Kent – Pittsfield – 2x daily
- Amtrak Cape Codder : New York – New Haven – Providence – Hyannis – 3x daily
- Amtrak Clam Digger : New York – New Haven – Providence – Fall River – Newport – 2x daily
- Amtrak Boston Twilight : New York – New Haven – Springfield – Worcester – Boston - 1x overnight
- Amtrak Green Mountain Flyer: Montreal - Burlington - Rutland – Watervliet - Albany - NY - 1x daily
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nycrail [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:50 curtixpolaris Metallica Setlists Based On Recent Two Germany Dates
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downloadfestival [link] [comments]
2023.06.02 12:49 Gladius_Illuminatus How to do on chip debugging on an Arduino, a tutorial
Alright, so first things first. This is a follow-up to my
original post, where I originally asked how to do what I’m about to explain to you. What that basically means is that I ain't no pro, and I’m sure there are better and more correct ways to do this, but dang it was a lot of work to figure this all out, so I’m hoping it helps someone somewhere down the line.
I originally needed to do some debugging on an Arduino Mega 2560 (A Controllino to be more specific, but that’s just a Mega in a PLC package) and “Conventional” Arduino style serial Print debugging even while using some more advanced techniques like using
#define to create Serial.print macros, using
PlatformIO with the AVR Stub debugger or making use of the
Better Serial Plotter was just not cutting it anymore. They are all nice, but for one reason or another did not quite cut it for me. Read my original post or the linked articles for more details. After asking the good folks of Reddit for help, I bought an
ATMEL-ICE to do some
JTAG debugging. In case you are not using a Mega like me, check the
manufacturers website of your microcontroller. They will usually tell you if they support JTAG. Note that if you are using something other than an AVR chip, this process will be different.
Andreas Spiess did a pretty good tutorial for other Chips like the popular ESP32.
Right enough talking let's get to the point.
PS Buckle up this is gonna be long and technical, and it already IS the TLDR; It took me two weeks and more curses and running to people for help who actually know what they are doing than I'd like to admit...
You will need:
- A microcontroller to debug (Arduino Mega 2560 in this example)
- PlatformIO (I use it with VS Code)
- Microchip Studio
- The ATMEL-ICE debugger (for some reason I could not find a local seller who would sell this to a private person. I could get one since this was for my day job, but I also saw some on the ol AliExpress and the Chinese ain’t picky about accepting someone’s money if they want to spend it, unlike Microchip...)
- Some jumper wires to hook it all up.
Once you installed all the software, it is time for step one:
Enabling on Chip debugging and JTAG because this is disabled by default.
IF you are using a stock Arduino board that has an ISP header (the six pins somewhere at the back of the board) do this:
- Take the ATMEL-ICE and connect the cable with the 6pole connector to the plug labeled “AVR”
- Connect the 6pole connector to the ISP header as shown in this tutorial
IF you are using some variant that does not have an ISP header
- Take the ATMEL-ICE and connect the cable with the labeled pins to the plug labeled “AVR”
- Connect the wires to your board as per page 21 of the ATMEL-ICE user guide
Now regardless of board follow these steps
- Plug in the ATMEL-ICE and your board so both have power. The ATMEL-ICE does NOT provide power to the board.
- Open Microchip Studio and go to Tools>Device Programming
- Choose the ATMEL-ICE for the Tool, your controller for device (for me 2560) and ISP for the Interface then hit apply.
- Now hit Read on the device signature. If all went well, you should now see an ID and a voltage up top and a new menu. If not check your wiring.
- Under Fuses set the following fuses to high
a. JTAGEN
b. BOOTRST
c. OCDEN
Then hit program.
- To make sure the fuses are set correctly, unplug your board, plug it back in and repeat steps 4-6. Under fuses you should now see those fuses set to HIGH when you read.
Great that’s the first part done now to connect the ATMEL-ICE in JTAG mode
- Search your microcontrollers datasheet until you find what pins are used for JTAG. In case of the Atmega2560 these can be found on page 85 of the datasheet.
- Now connect them to the corresponding pins of the ATMEL-ICE using the cable with the labeled pins plugged in to the AVR connector using the pinout on page 20 of the ATMEL-ICE user guide. For me this looked like this:
a. ATMEL ICE Pin 1 (TCK) → A4
b. ATMEL ICE Pin 2 (GND) → GND
c. ATMEL ICE Pin 3 (TDO) → A6
d. ATMEL ICE Pin 4 (VCC) → 5V
e. ATMEL ICE Pin 5 (TMS) → A5
f. ATMEL ICE Pin 9 (TDI) → A7
I did not need the rest of the pins.
Now for the actual debugging:
- Compile the project you want to debug in PlatformIO, making sure you have set the following parameters in the platformio.ini
a. "build_type = debug" This tells pio to build in debug mode
b. "debug_build_flags = -g -ggdb -Og -Wl,-Map,output.map" These parameters make it so the resulting .elf file contains all the necessary information for debugging and also creates a map file with all linked files paths.
- Locate the resulting firmware.elf and copy the path. It should be under: YOUR_PROJECT_DIRECTORY\.pio\build\BOARD_NAME hint: you can right-click on the .pio directory in PlatformIO under the explorer tab and open it from there.
- Open Microchip Studio and under File>Open>Open File for Debugging, enter the path to open the firmware.elf file. Name your Project and click next.
- Choose your chip (for me the AtMega2560) and confirm
- If all went well, a window should open showing various file paths. Quite probably, some files are reported missing. We will add them in the next step. Just confirm everything and continue
- On the right, you should now see a tab called “Solution Explorer” and an open solution. Right-click on the solution and choose Ad>NewSolutionFolder. Name your Folder src. Repeat this to create folders called include and ArduinoFiles. Now right-click the src folder and choose Add>ExistingItem. Now navigate to the src folder of the pio project you are trying to debug and mark all files and hit add. Do the same, but with the folder include. Now we need to add all the Arduino files. These are located under C:\Users\USERNAME\.platformio\packages\framework-arduino-avr\cores\arduino.
- Next, we need to tell Microchip studio what debugger we are using. Click on Debug>PROJECTNAME Properties and then navigate to Tool there select Atmel-ICE and JTAG as the interface. You can now close this window.
- Finally, open your main from the src folder we created and set a breakpoint on the first line of the main loop by clicking in the gray bar left of the code. Now to debug, hit the small green arrow in the toolbar. The project should build (this takes some time) and the start and halt where you set the breakpoint. All code should be recognized (no red squiggly lines, otherwise you forgot to include some files in step 6.) Now you can debug to your hearths content ! If this is not the case, check your wiring.
IMPORTANT NOTES:
- The files we added in step 6 are linked. That means if you change something here it gets changed in the original files so be careful!
- If you make changes to your code, you need to recompile and re-upload from PlatformIO. Atmel Studio should see some files changed and prompt you to do a reload. For some reason this throws an error message but so for I just hit ok and ignored it and everything seems to work as intended after.
- Here be links:
- Microchip Technology Tutorial on Debugging, Pt. 1
- Microchip Technology Tutorial on Debugging, Pt. 2
- Microchip Technology Tutorial on Debugging, Pt. 3
Edited about a bazillion times to make reddit's version of markdown play ball...
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